Alex Potanin, James Noble, Dave Clarke et al. · 2003
Modern programming languages provide little support for object encapsulation and ownership. Escaped aliases to private objects can compromise both security and reliability of code in reference-abundant languages such as Java. Object ownership is a widely accepted approach to controlling aliasing in programming languages. Proposals for adding ownership to programming languages do not directly support type genericity. We present Generic Ownership -- a unified approach to providing generics and ownership. By including support for default ownership, Generic Ownership imposes no more syntactic or runtime overheads than traditional generic types. We have implemented Generic Ownership in the context of the Ownership Generic Java (OGJ) programming language, an extension to Generic Java, and we ground the formal side of this work within the Featherweight Generic Java framework. We hope that our work will help bring
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Stephanie Weirich, Liang Huang · 2004
Abstract Type-directed programming is an important and widely used paradigm in the design of software. With this form of programming, an application may analyze type information to determine its behavior. By analyzing the structure of data, many operations, such as serialization, cloning, adaptors and iterators may be defined once, for all types of data. That way, as the program evolves, these operations need not be updated--they will automatically adapt to new data forms. Otherwise, each of these operations must be individually redefined for each type of data, forcing programmers to revisit the same program logic many times during a program's lifetime. The Java language supports type directed programming with the instanceof operator and the Java Reflection API. These mechanisms allow Java programs to depend on the name and structure of the run-time classes of objects. However, the Java mechanisms for type-directed programming are difficult to use. They also do not integrate well with generics, an important new feature of the Java language. In this paper, we describe the design of several expressive new mechanisms for type-directed programming in Java, and show that these mechanisms are sound when included in a language similar to Featherweight Java. Basically, these new mechanisms pattern-match the name and structure of the type parameters of generic code, instead of the run-time classes of objects. Therefore, they naturally integrate with generics and provide strong guarantess about program correctness. As these mechanisms are based on pattern matching, they naturally and succinctly express many operations that depend on type information. Finally, they provide programmers with some degree of protection for their abstractions. Whereas instanceof and reflection can determine the exact run-time type of an object, our mechanisms allow any supertype to be supplied for analysis, hiding its precise structure from others.
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Millard, David, Hoang, Son · EdShare Southampton (University of Southampton)
In this session we look at how we can use collection objects like ArrayList as a more advanced type of array. We also introduce the idea of generics (forcing a collection to hold a particular type) and see how Java handles the autoboxing and unboxing of primitives. Finally we look at Iterators, a common design pattern for dealing with iteration over a collection.
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Mitsunori Ogihara · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2018
This book was born from the desire of having an introductory Java programming textbook whose contents can be covered in one semester. The book was written with two types of audience in mind: those who intend to major in computer science and those who want to get a glimpse of computer programming. The book does not cover graphical user interfaces or the materials that are taught in a data structure course. The book very quickly surveys the Java Collection Framework and the generics in the penultimate chapter. The book also covers the concepts of online and recursive algorithms in the last chapter
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Swadhin KumarBarisal, Gayatri Nayak, Bighnaraj Naik · International Journal of Computer Applications · 2012
Java is known to be a strongly type safe language, but there are some coding conventions and when these are used in some applications like persistent storage through serialization may generate unreliable or wrong output. Such cases should be caught and modified as per requirement to produce a modified safe program. This can be achieved by designing a translator tool which can catch unsafe code segments and produce a modified safe code segment. When a singleton class is serialized it is necessary to include a special method from serializable interface within it then only it gives us right result. If this method is not there within the class then it produces unpredictable results. Such results may violate type safe property of object oriented programming. Here the translator is designed using ANTLR which is going to check availability of this method in the input java file. If this method is not found then add the method and generate a type safe program at output.The same translator can be applicable for generics and their limitations. Here the translator is going to trace if there are any unchecked warnings or runtime exception then modify the input program to generate a safe program at output. This will lead to minimize limitations of java generics.
Cited by 2Open access
Gilad Bracha, David Stoutamire · 1999
Say you wish to process collections. Some may be collections of bytes, others collections of strings, and yet others collections of collections of strings. The Java programming language supports such variation by allowing you to form a collection of Object, so the elements may have any reference type. In order to keep the language simple, you are forced to do some of the work yourself: you must keep track of the fact that you have a collection of bytes, and when you extract an element from the collection you must cast it to class Byte before further processing. This situation is becoming more common as the Java platform evolves, notably with the addition of collection classes to JDK 1.2. Other languages provide additional support for this situation: in C++, it is supported with templates; in Ada, it is supported with generics; and in ML and Haskell, it is supported with parametric polymorphism. This note proposes GJ, an extension to the Java programming language that supports types with parameters. GJ programs look much like the equivalent Java programs, except they have more type information and fewer casts. The semantics of GJ is given by a translation into the Java programming language. The translation erases type parameters, replaces type variables by their bounding type (typically Object), adds casts, and inserts bridge methods so that overriding works properly. The resulting program is pretty much what you would write if generics weren’t available. The translation is designed so that new GJ code will work with existing Java libraries, even when the libraries are available only in binary class file form. GJ comes with a cast-iron guarantee: no cast inserted by the compiler will ever fail. (Caveat: this guarantee is void if the compiler generates an unchecked warning, which may be necessary in certain cases for purposes of compatibility.) Furthermore, since GJ translates into Java virtual machine (JVM) byte codes, all safety and security properties of the Java platform are preserved. (Reassurance: this second guarantee holds even in
Cited by 7
Khalifa, Ahmed Aziz · 2014
Generic programming has turned out very useful in the development of reusable software. With the Java programming language, genericity is not only meant for reusability, but also for type-safety. Java generics constrain a container object (e.g., list, hash table) to store objects of a pre-specified data type. Nevertheless, safe programming with aliasing (multiple pointers in a program may point to the same object) is still a concern in object-oriented programming language research. A pointing object can mutate the state of the aliased object, reflecting the changes to all of the other pointers (aka aliases) thus affecting their behaviour. As programs grow larger and more complex, such changes in behaviour can be undesirable and difficult to detect and reason about. With respect to container objects, the iterator pattern critically violates encapsulation, allowing aliases to the state (and thereof the components) of its container.\n\nObject ownership is one of the well-researched paradigms in the area of alias management. Ownership types support hierarchical object encapsulation rather than the traditional class-level encapsulation. This thesis introduces an extension of Java 6 with support for ownership types as supplementary generic types. That is, Java generics are extended with the ability of carrying ownership information. This extension provides generic ownership support for all of Java; that is, all major language features are addressed so that programs can safely manage and express their aliasing properties. The resulting language is expressive enough to support common programming idioms, with little programming and runtime overhead. We evaluated the programmability of the language by refactoring a major (the most essential) portion of the Java Collections Framework. We also evaluated the performance impact of our refactoring by conducting a small micro-benchmark study to measure the performance time overhead the refactored collections may impose.
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Ahmed Aziz Khalifa · Figshare · 2014
<p>Generic programming has turned out very useful in the development of reusable software. With the Java programming language, genericity is not only meant for reusability, but also for type-safety. Java generics constrain a container object (e.g., list, hash table) to store objects of a pre-specified data type. Nevertheless, safe programming with aliasing (multiple pointers in a program may point to the same object) is still a concern in object-oriented programming language research. A pointing object can mutate the state of the aliased object, reflecting the changes to all of the other pointers (aka aliases) thus affecting their behaviour. As programs grow larger and more complex, such changes in behaviour can be undesirable and difficult to detect and reason about. With respect to container objects, the iterator pattern critically violates encapsulation, allowing aliases to the state (and thereof the components) of its container. Object ownership is one of the well-researched paradigms in the area of alias management. Ownership types support hierarchical object encapsulation rather than the traditional class-level encapsulation. This thesis introduces an extension of Java 6 with support for ownership types as supplementary generic types. That is, Java generics are extended with the ability of carrying ownership information. This extension provides generic ownership support for all of Java; that is, all major language features are addressed so that programs can safely manage and express their aliasing properties. The resulting language is expressive enough to support common programming idioms, with little programming and runtime overhead. We evaluated the programmability of the language by refactoring a major (the most essential) portion of the Java Collections Framework. We also evaluated the performance impact of our refactoring by conducting a small micro-benchmark study to measure the performance time overhead the refactored collections may impose.</p>
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Shi, Haifeng · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · 2023
This thesis explores a novel design of context-sensitive optional type systems which supports generics. Optional type systems, as the name suggests, optionally enforce type rules in typechecking and can be switched on only when needed. They give flexibility to developers because, whenever they need optional type properties, they can plug these properties into the compiler and perform additional rounds of semantic analyses. Context-sensitive type systems help to resolve a declared type to different types according to usage contexts. \n \nType parameters and type variable uses can be annotated with optional type qualifiers, and these type qualifiers can impact the process of type argument substitution and context-sensitive resolution of types. This thesis shows (1) existing optional type systems either do not support generics or have type safety issues when context sensitivity is involved; (2) type variables and monomorphic types are treated differently in the type check and type inference modes by these type systems. This thesis formalizes a Java-like language, introduces a new qualifier Sub to clarify the semantics of unannotated type variables, and presents a new viewpoint adaptation rule to model how context-sensitive type systems interact with generics. As a concrete instantiation, a case study is conducted in a context-sensitive type system called Practical Immutability for Classes and Objects (PICO). \n \nPICO offers reference and object immutability to Java, making Java programs more robust in areas like thread-safe programming and aliasing control. This thesis also gives an overview of PICO, identifies some interesting issues, and fixes them. Last, this thesis formalizes the core parts of non-generic version of PICO, providing the well-formedness rules, type rules, and operational semantics.
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Ahmed Aziz Khalifa · 2014
<p>Generic programming has turned out very useful in the development of reusable software. With the Java programming language, genericity is not only meant for reusability, but also for type-safety. Java generics constrain a container object (e.g., list, hash table) to store objects of a pre-specified data type. Nevertheless, safe programming with aliasing (multiple pointers in a program may point to the same object) is still a concern in object-oriented programming language research. A pointing object can mutate the state of the aliased object, reflecting the changes to all of the other pointers (aka aliases) thus affecting their behaviour. As programs grow larger and more complex, such changes in behaviour can be undesirable and difficult to detect and reason about. With respect to container objects, the iterator pattern critically violates encapsulation, allowing aliases to the state (and thereof the components) of its container. Object ownership is one of the well-researched paradigms in the area of alias management. Ownership types support hierarchical object encapsulation rather than the traditional class-level encapsulation. This thesis introduces an extension of Java 6 with support for ownership types as supplementary generic types. That is, Java generics are extended with the ability of carrying ownership information. This extension provides generic ownership support for all of Java; that is, all major language features are addressed so that programs can safely manage and express their aliasing properties. The resulting language is expressive enough to support common programming idioms, with little programming and runtime overhead. We evaluated the programmability of the language by refactoring a major (the most essential) portion of the Java Collections Framework. We also evaluated the performance impact of our refactoring by conducting a small micro-benchmark study to measure the performance time overhead the refactored collections may impose.</p>
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2013
This chapter begins with introduction and objectives of the C# language. It concentrates on fundamental issues such as built-in data types, memory management and basic console input and output. Of particular importance is the distinction between value types and reference types, how they are created, compared and finally removed from memory. The chapter delivers a simple C# class that implements the Black Scholes equation. For Java developers, the transition to C# is relatively straightforward, although C# has support for generic classes and interfaces since .NET 2.0 while generics appeared relatively recently in Java and they may not be familiar to all Java developers. The chapter concludes with the discussion on design and implementation of an option pricing application based on the syntax of C#.
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Daniel Grunwald, Malte Lochau, Egon Börger et al. · 2010
When discussing properties such as type safety for the Java language, it is necessary to have formal semantics. The complex type system involving parameterized types with wildcards, combined with the fact that some constructs are underspecified in the current version of the language specification, is making a complete formalization difficult. In order to specify the semantics, we make use of an existing solution: an Abstract State Machine model for Java. We describe the existing model, which does not include support for generics, and extend it with the generic type system. For this purpose, we look at existing type theoretic approaches to Java wildcards. Moreover, we redefine the semantics of method invocations to handle both generic methods with type inference and other language changes such as auto-boxing. We also present an executable version of this model which allows interactively exploring the Java semantics. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using the model to prove type safety for Java in the future.
Cited by 1
Ronald Garcia, Jaakko J Ärvi, Andrew Lumsdaine et al. · 2008
Many modern programming languages support basic generics, sufficient to implement type-safe polymorphic containers. Some languages have moved beyond this basic support, and in doing so have enabled a broader, more powerful form of generic programming. This paper reports on a comprehensive comparison of facilities for generic programming in eight programming languages: C ++, Standard ML, Objective Caml, Haskell, Eiffel, Java, C# (with its proposed generics extension), and Cecil. By implementing a substantial example in each of these languages, we illustrate how the basic roles of generic programming can be represented in each language. We also identify eight language properties that support this broader view of generic programming: support for multi-type concepts, multiple constraints on type parameters, convenient associated type access, constraints on associated types, retroactive modeling, type aliases, separate compilation of algorithms and data structures, and implicit argument type deduction for generic algorithms. We find that these features are necessary to avoid awkward designs, poor maintainability, and painfully verbose code. As languages increasingly support generics, it is important that language
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fexlexpxg · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2024
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tutorial java pdf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Rating: 4.7 / 5 (4010 votes)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Downloads: 44008&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;= = = = = \n&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://tds11111.com/21Nr9y?keyword=tutorial java pdf" target="_blank"&gt;CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;\n = = = = = &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Chapters. It was first released by Sun Microsystem in and later acquired by Oracle Corporation. books on Java, including Java: A Beginner's Guide, Herb Schildt's Java Programming Cookbook, Swing: A Beginner's Guide, and The Art of Java. You Java Tutorial or Learn Core Java Tutorial or Java Programming Tutorials for beginners and professionals with core concepts and examples covers the basics and fundamentals Java Applications on Oracle DatabaseDatabase Sessions Imposed on Java ApplicationsExecution Control of Java ApplicationsJava Code, Binaries, Introduction to the Java Swing Toolkit About this tutorial This is an introductory Swing tutorial. Java is an JDK introduces several extensions to the Java programming language. Download the free ebook and master the basics and advanced concepts of Java Java is a programming language and a computing platform for application development. What is Java Platform? It is one of the most used programming languages. ChapterAlternative Collections. This tutorial gives a complete understanding ofJava books on Java, including Java: A Beginner's Guide, Herb Schildt's Java Programming Cookbook, Swing: A Beginner's Guide, and The Art of Java. ChapterD Graphics in Java. This tutorial is aimed at introducing you to generics. The purpose of this tutorial is to get you started with the Java Swing toolkitABOUT THE TUTORIAL Java Tutorial Java is a high-level programming language originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. The tutorials cover the basics, the language, the collections, the GUI, the networking, the extension mechanism, the generics, the internationalization, the beans, the JAXB, the JAXP, the JDBC, the JMX, the JNDI, the reflection, the RMI, the security, the sockets, and the sound Learn Java from scratch with this comprehensive tutorial in PDF format. One of these is the introduction of generics. Among his other bestsellers Learn Java from scratch with this comprehensive tutorial in PDF format. Download the free ebook and master the basics and advanced concepts of Java Teach Yourself Java inMinutes Department of Computer Science, Lund Institute of Technology Author: Patrik Persson Contact: klas@ This is a brief tutorial in Java is a programming language and a computing platform for application development. Although interested in all facets of computing, his Learn how to use the Java programming language to create applications with hundreds of examples and lessons. Chapter Example Get your own Java Server. Among his other bestsellers are C++: The Complete ReferenceTM, C#: The Complete ReferenceTM, and C: The Complete ReferenceTM. We recommend reading this tutorial, in the sequence listed in the left menu. ChapterGetting started with Java Language. It was first released by Sun Microsystem in and later acquired by Oracle Corporation Download this eBook for free. Java platform is a collection of programs that help to develop and run programs %PDF %µµµµobj &gt;&gt;&gt; endobjobj &gt; endobjobj &gt;/ExtGState &gt;/XObject &gt;/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] &gt;&gt;/MediaBox[ Click on the "Run example" button to see how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
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Cay S. Horstmann, Gary Cornell · 2008
The revised edition of the classic Core Java, Volume IIAdvanced Features, covers advanced user-interface programming and the enterprise features of the Java SE 6 platform. Like Volume I (which covers the core language and library features), this volume has been updated for Java SE 6 and new coverage is highlighted throughout. All sample programs have been carefully crafted to illustrate the latest programming techniques, displaying best-practices solutions to the types of real-world problems professional developers encounter. Volume II includes new sections on the StAX API, JDBC 4, compiler API, scripting framework, splash screen and tray APIs, and many other Java SE 6 enhancements. In this book, the authors focus on the more advanced features of the Java language, including complete coverage of Streams and Files Networking Database programming XML JNDI and LDAP Internationalization Advanced GUI components Java 2D and advanced AWT JavaBeans Security RMI and Web services Collections Annotations Native methods For thorough coverage of Java fundamentalsincluding interfaces and inner classes, GUI programming with Swing, exception handling, generics, collections, and concurrencylook for the eighth edition of Core Java, Volume IFundamentals (ISBN: 978-0-13-235476-9).
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Beckman, Nels E., Kim, Duri, Aldrich, Jonathan · KiltHub Repository · 2018
An active area of research in computer science is the prevention of violations of object protocols, i.e., restrictions on temporal orderings of method calls on an object. However, little is understood about object protocols in practice. This paper describes an empirical study of object protocols in some popular open-source Java programs. In our study, we have attempted to determine how often object protocols are defined, and how often they are used, while also developing a taxonomy of similar protocols. In the open-source projects in our study, comprising almost two million lines of code, approximately 7.2% of all types defined protocols, while 13% of classes were clients of types defining protocols. (For comparison, 2.5% of the types in the Java library define type parameters using Java Generics.) This suggests that protocol checking tools are widely applicable.
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Seite Von, Miguel Garcia, Technische Universität Hamburg-harburg (germany · 2007
specifications into software artifacts. We showcase some of these possibilities, taking as starting point a plug-in to visualize OCL abstract syntax trees (ASTs) in the form of annotated trees. This example motivates some practical tips about patterns for OCL visitors, including using Java 5 generics and achieving conciseness by letting MDT OCL take care of the &quot;walking &quot; order. To really reap the benefits of OCL-enriched specifications, tools in our modeling chain have to be able to transform such expressions into the target software platform (e.g. compile into Java, translate into SQL). Work in this area is summarized, to ease jump-starting your own OCL processing project.
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Ole Agesen, Stephen N. John, C. Mitchell · 2008
Although the Java programming language has achieved widespread acceptance, one feature that seems sorely missed is the ability to use type parameters (as in Ada generics, C-i-t templates, and ML polymorphic func-tions or data types) to allow a general concept to be instantiated to one or more specific types. In this pa-per, we propose parameterized classes and interfaces in which the type parameter may be constrained to either implement a given interface or extend a given class. This design allows the body of a parameterized class to refer to methods on objects of the parameter type, without introducing any new type relations into the lan-guage. We show that these Java extensions may be im-plemented by expanding parameterized classes at class load time, without any extension or modification to ex-isting Java bytecode, verifier or bytecode interpreter. 1
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PETTOROSSI, ALBERTO · Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) · 2009
These lecture notes present some basic techniques for: (i) exploring \nsearch spaces, (ii) parsing context-free languages, and (iii) matching \npatterns in strings. These techniques are taught in a course on Automata, \nLanguages, and Translators at the University of Roma Tor Vergata. \nWe assume that the reader is familiar with the basic notions of Automata \nTheory and Formal Languages. These notions can be found in many books \nsuch as [Har78,HoU79,Pet07]. \n \nSome of the algorithms we have presented in these notes are written \nin Java 1.5 and some others in Prolog. For the Java language the \nreader may refer to the Java Tutorial at http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/. \n(Recall that this Java version allows the use of parametrized types, \nalso called generics.) All Java programs have been compiled \nusing the Java compiler 1.5.0-13 running under \nMac OS X 10.4.11 Darwin 8.11.1. \n \nFor the Prolog language the reader may refer to [ClM84]. The \nProlog language incorporates a backtracking mechanism which is useful \n for exploring search spaces and solving parsing and matching problems.
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Ole Agesen · 2008
Although the Java programming language has achieved widespread acceptance, one feature that seems sorely missed is the ability to use type parameters (as in Ada generics, C++ templates, and ML polymorphic functions or data types) to allow a general concept to be instantiated to one or more specific types. In this paper, we propose parameterized classes and interfaces in which the type parameter may be constrained to either implement a given interface or extend a given class. This design allows the body of a parameterized class to refer to methods on objects of the parameter type, without introducing any new type relations into the language. We show that these Java extensions may be implemented by expanding parameterized classes at class load time, without any extension or modification to existing Java bytecode, verifier or bytecode interpreter. 1
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