Hassan M. Elkamchouchi, Abdel-Aty M. Emarah, Esam A. A. Hagras · 2006
This paper presents a new secure hash algorithm based on dynamic structure algorithm called Secure Hash Dynamic Structure Algorithm (SHDSA). It uses a famous secure hash algorithm (SHA) given by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). All NIST SHA have fixed structure, fixed constant and fixed output length. The goal of the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is to offer, at its three cryptovariable size, 128, 192 and 256 bits of security, is the need for companion hash algorithms which provide similar levels of enhanced security. The basic design of SHDSA is to have variable output length of 128,192 and 256 bits, variable number of compression functions (single, double), variable number of iterations in each compression function and variable compression function structure. With this dynamic structure, it can provide many choices for practical applications with different level of security. The SHDSA has been designed to satisfy the dynamic structure algorithm with different level of enhanced security and to resist the advanced SHA attacks. The security analysis of the SHDSA is compared to the old SHA given by the NIST and it gives more security and excellent results as shown in our discussion. In this paper, the digital signature standard algorithm (DSSA) which is given by the NIST has been modified using the proposed SHDSA. The SHDSA can be used in many applications suclh as, public key cryptosystems, digital signature, digital signcryption, message authentication code and random number generators.
Cited by 12
Ria Clarisse M. Sy, Mark Philip M. Sy, Julius N. Abucejo et al. · 2023
The system for identification in most universities and campuses of manual checking of identification cards is prone to fault and less secured. The aim of this study was to integrate the Secure Hash Algorithm-256 (SHA-256) into a QR identification system with SMS notification and evaluate its performance based on the ISO 25010 standard. The system was designed as a web application for automated attendance tracking using hashed QR codes and SMS notifications for students' emergency contacts. The system consists of four modules namely, account management module for handling and managing different system accounts and account processes, QR module for generating and scanning unique hashed QR codes for each student, record management module for handling students and attendance data records and notification module for handling different system notifications and sending of SMS alerts. The evaluation phase involved IT specialists, university security personnel, and students who thoroughly assessed the performance of the system in the following criteria, functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. The evaluation results showed excellent ratings across all software criteria, with an average score of 4.89 for non-technical users and 4.55 for technical users. Through this paper, a system using a hashed QR code that can be implemented in schools and universities is discussed.
Cited by 0
V. Murugesan, Nithya Chidambaram, Rengarajan Amirtharajan · Scientific Reports · 2025
Nowadays, Cloud computing is an essential platform for securing resources and effectively managing files. In digital technology, many data leaks or breaches frequently occur during the storage and transmission process. Several techniques for secure image transmission have been developed by researchers worldwide. In the traditional method, data loss prevention (DLP) is the best way to protect sensitive data from breaches. The massive amount of data is not feasible in the existing storage system. However, ensuring data security remains a severe challenge. Cloud infrastructure provides a more robust, reliable, and scalable solution to overcome attacks in developing regions. The primary objective of cloud storage is to provide affordable and easy access to storage, with a vast amount of data stored across multiple cloud storage services. This paper proposed a custom block-based hash algorithm that generates a digital fingerprint from the grayscale-scale image. The pivotal contribution presented in the proposed work lies in emphasising data integrity generation and validation, tamper detection, and accurate identification of the tampered region. The entire 256 × 256 image is considered for tamper-proofing, and the hash values generated are based on the proposed work. In the integrity validation process, it compares the digest with the original digest. The cloud environment provides scalable infrastructure for securely managing and storing the digital fingerprint. User-level authentication is also incorporated into the proposed framework. Additionally, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) application has been developed for generating a hash and verifying whether the image has been tampered with or not, with the tampered region marked by a bounding box. Various benchmark metrics are analysed for validating the outfit of the proposed algorithm. The metrics, including quantitative and qualitative tests for integrity codes, collision property, and avalanche effect, were analysed, and the proposed algorithm exhibits a good ability towards integrity validation.
Cited by 0Open access
Ratan Kumar Basak, Ritam Chatterjee, Paramartha Dutta et al. · Research Square · 2021
Abstract This paper presents a high capacity steganographic approach with secret message validation scheme at the receiver end. The proposed idea develops specifically for animated GIF, the cover media, to conceal secret text messages where Least Significant Digit (LSD) method is employed to embed secret information in the form of ASCII value. To validate the secret information at the receiver end, the secret text is encoded with Secure Hash Algorithm-1(SHA1) which is subsequently embedded in certain pre-defined portion of the cover media. The proposed algorithm is experimented on a large set of colored animated image sequences by varying text messages which produces satisfactory results. The proposed method also maintains good visual perceptibility while securing high embedding capacity
Cited by 1Open access
Michail, Harris, Kakarountas, Athanasios P., Theodoridis, Georgios A. · Ktisis at Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus University of Technology) · 2013
Applications that call for data integrity and signature authentication at electronic transactions invoke cryptographic primitives like hash functions. A hash function is utilized in the security layer of every communication protocol. However, as protocols evolve and new high-performance applications appear, the throughput of hash functions seems to reach to a limit. Market is asking for new implementations with higher throughputs respecting the tendency of the market to minimize devices' size and increase their autonomy to make them portable. The existing SHA-1 Hash Function implementations (SHA-1 is common in many protocols e.g. IPSec) limit throughput to a maximum of 2 Gbps. In this paper, a new a partially unrolled implementation is presented that comes to exceed this limit improving the throughput by 53%. Power issues have also been taken in consideration, in such way that the proposed implementation can be characterized as low-power.
Cited by 0Open access
J. A. Bergstra, C. A. Middelburg · 2013
Cited by 0
G. Uganya, D. Rajalakshmi, Ramarao Vangapandu et al. · 2024
The “Internet of things” is the developing technology to transfer the world into smart innovation. “IoT” security is the most problematic issue in recent applications due to its properties including ‘centralized architecture’, ‘limited capacity devices’, and ‘ambiguity’. So, blockchain with “IoT” applications provides secure data communication compared to traditional “IoT” applications. Blockchain is a recent growing technology that has features including ‘decentralized structure’, ‘transparency’, ‘immutable records’, ‘increased capacity’, and ‘quick backtracks’. The ‘cryptography hash algorithm’ is very important to provide secure data transmission. It converted the different size input to fixed-size unalterable output to enhance the security. But still, it needs efficient algorithm to secure data transmission with safeguard of private key. The objective of this paper is to propose a secure hash cryptography algorithm with double encryption (SHCA-DE) to protect the private key message. Then, this proposed algorithm has been analyzed with MD5, SHA-256, and SHA3-512. From this analysis, the SHA3-512 performs well with proposed algorithm.
Cited by 0
Manel Kammoun, Manel Elleuchi, Mohamed Abid et al. · Journal of Communications Software and Systems · 2021
Hash functions are used in the majority of security protocol to guarantee the integrity and the authenticity. Among the most important hash functions is the SHA-2 family, which offers higher security and solved the insecurity problems of other popular algorithms as MD5, SHA-1 and SHA-0. However, theses security algorithms are characterized by a certain amount of complex computations and consume a lot of energy. In order to reduce the power consumption as required in the majority of embedded applications, a solution consists to exploit a critical part on accelerator (hardware). In this paper, we propose a hardware/software exploration for the implementation of SHA256 algorithm. For hardware design, two principal design methods are proceeded: Low level synthesis (LLS) and high level synthesis (HLS). The exploration allows the evaluation of performances in term of area, throughput and power consumption. The synthesis results under Zynq 7000 based-FPGA reflect a significant improvement of about 80% and 15% respectively in FPGA resources and throughput for the LLS hardware design compared to HLS solution. For better efficiency, hardware IPs are deduced and implemented within HW/SW system on chip. The experiments are performed using Xilinx ZC 702-based platform. The HW/SW LLS design records a gain of 10% to 25% in term of execution time and 73% in term of power consumption.
Cited by 16Open access
Tatyana Citra Diantari, - · Repository at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia) · 2024
Teknologi yang semakin berkembang dengan pesat telah menghasilkan jumlah data yang sangat besar, yang biasa dikenal sebagai big data. Diperlukan tempat penyimpanan modern yang sangat aman untuk menyimpan big data tersebut. Keamanan data di dunia digital menjadi salah satu tantangan kritis yang dihadapi saat ini. Salah satu solusi dalam hal ini adalah mengimplementasikan kriptografi untuk pengamanan big data, sehingga data tersebut menjadi samar dan sulit dipahami oleh pihak yang tidak berhak. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengamanan big data menggunakan algoritma kriptografi Advanced Encryption Standard-256 dan kunci hashing Secure Hash Algorithm-256. AES-256 merupakan salah satu algoritma andalan dengan kekuatan enkripsi yang tinggi, sedangkan SHA-256 merupakan algoritma kriptografi satu arah yang hingga saat ini tidak ditemukannya kolisi. Sebuah program aplikasi berbasis python dikonstruksikan untuk mengamankan file csv berukuran besar. Kunci yang diinput pada program akan dienkripsi menggunakan algoritma SHA-256 sehingga didapatkan message digestnya. Message digest tersebut akan diolah kembali menjadi kunci yang akan digunakan pada proses enkripsi file csv menggunakan algoritma AES-256 hingga dihasilkan sebuah file enkripsi dengan format *.aes. File enkripsi tersebut dapat didekripsi kembali hingga menghasilkan file CSV asli. Teknologi yang semakin berkembang dengan pesat telah menghasilkan jumlah data yang sangat besar, yang biasa dikenal sebagai big data. Diperlukan tempat penyimpanan modern yang sangat aman untuk menyimpan big data tersebut. Keamanan data di dunia digital menjadi salah satu tantangan kritis yang dihadapi saat ini. Salah satu solusi dalam hal ini adalah mengimplementasikan kriptografi untuk pengamanan big data, sehingga data tersebut menjadi samar dan sulit dipahami oleh pihak yang tidak berhak. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengamanan big data menggunakan algoritma kriptografi Advanced Encryption Standard-256 dan kunci hashing Secure Hash Algorithm-256. AES-256 merupakan salah satu algoritma andalan dengan kekuatan enkripsi yang tinggi, sedangkan SHA-256 merupakan algoritma kriptografi satu arah yang hingga saat ini tidak ditemukannya kolisi. Sebuah program aplikasi berbasis python dikonstruksikan untuk mengamankan file csv berukuran besar. Kunci yang diinput pada program akan dienkripsi menggunakan algoritma SHA-256 sehingga didapatkan message digestnya. Message digest tersebut akan diolah kembali menjadi kunci yang akan digunakan pada proses enkripsi file csv menggunakan algoritma AES-256 hingga dihasilkan sebuah file enkripsi dengan format *.aes. File enkripsi tersebut dapat didekripsi kembali hingga menghasilkan file CSV asli. ---- The rapidly advancing technology has resulted in a massive amount of data, commonly known as big data. A highly secure modern storage space is required to store this big data. Data security in the digital world has become one of the critical challenges faced today. One solution in this regard is to implement cryptography for securing big data, making the data obscure and difficult to comprehend for unauthorized parties. This research discusses the security of big data using the Advanced Encryption Standard-256 cryptography algorithm and the Secure Hash Algorithm-256 hashing key. AES-256 is one of the flagship algorithms known for its high encryption strength, while SHA-256 is a one-way cryptographic algorithm that, to date, has not encountered collisions. A python-based application program is constructed to secure large-sized CSV files. The key input into the program will be encrypted using the SHA-256 algorithm to obtain its message digest. This message digest will then be processed again to create a key for use in the AES-256 file encryption process, resulting in an encrypted file in *.aes format. This encrypted file can be decrypted back to produce the original CSV file.
Cited by 0Open access
Hokianto Suseno, -, Siti Fatimah, -, Rini Marwati, - · Repository at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia) · 2025
Autentikasi dua faktor (2FA) merupakan metode keamanan yang semakin banyak digunakan untuk meningkatkan keamanan login akun. Penelitian ini membahas implementasi algoritma Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) dan Secure Hash Algorithm 256 (SHA 256) dalam sistem 2FA. ECDSA digunakan untuk menghasilkan tanda tangan digital sebagai bukti keaslian pengguna, sedangkan SHA 256 diterapkan dalam proses hashing untuk melindungi informasi sensitif, seperti username, password, dan kunci privat. Proses autentikasi terdiri dari dua tahap utama, yaitu verifikasi username dan password pengguna, serta validasi tanda tangan digital. Jika username dan password benar, server mengirimkan pesan acak kepada client untuk ditandatangani menggunakan kunci privat ECDSA, lalu hasil tanda tangan dikirim kembali ke server untuk diverifikasi menggunakan kunci publik. Implementasi dilakukan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Python dengan penyimpanan berbasis file txt. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa metode ini mampu meningkatkan keamanan autentikasi dengan mencegah akses tanpa izin, meskipun masih memerlukan optimasi lebih lanjut dalam aspek efisiensi dan pengelolaan kunci privat. Selanjutnya, sistem ini dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan basis data untuk penyimpanan yang lebih aman, serta diimplementasikan dalam aplikasi berbasis web atau mobile agar lebih mudah diadopsi secara luas. Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security method that is increasingly being used to improve account login security. This research discusses the implementation of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and Secure Hash Algorithm 256 (SHA 256) algorithms in a 2FA system. ECDSA is used to generate digital signatures as proof of user authenticity, while SHA 256 is applied in the hashing process to protect sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords and private keys. The authentication process consists of two main stages, such as verifying the user's username and password, and validating the digital signature. If the username and password are correct, the server sends a random message to the client to be signed using the ECDSA private key, then the signature results are sent back to the server to be verified using the public key. Implementation is carried out using the Python programming language with txt file-based storage. Test results show that this method is able to increase authentication security by preventing unauthorized access, although it still requires further optimization in terms of efficiency and private key management. Furthermore, this system can be further developed by using a database for safer storage, as well as implemented in a web-based or mobile application to make it easier to adopt widely.
Cited by 0
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens Kew) · 2022
The secure hash function has become the default choice for information security, especially in applications that require data storing or manipulation. Consequently, optimized implementations of these functions in terms of Throughput or Area are in high demand. In this work we propose a new conception of the secure hash algorithm 3 (SHA-3), which aim to increase the performance of this function by using pipelining, four types of pipelining are proposed two, three, four, and six pipelining stages. This approach allows us to design data paths of SHA-3 with higher Throughput and higher clock frequencies. The design reaches a maximum Throughput of 102.98 Gbps on Virtex 5 and 115.124 Gbps on Virtex 6 in the case of the 6 stages, for 512 bits output length. Although the utilization of the resource increase with the increase of the number of the cores used in each one of the cases. The proposed designs are coded in very high-speed integrated circuits program (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL) and implemented in Xilinx Virtex-5 and Virtex-6 A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices and compared to existing FPGA implementations.
Cited by 0
Fatimazahraa Assad, M. Fettach, F. El Otmani et al. · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · 2022
<span>The secure hash function has become the default choice for information security, especially in applications that require data storing or manipulation. Consequently, optimized implementations of these functions in terms of Throughput or Area are in high demand. In this work we propose a new conception of the secure hash algorithm 3 (SHA-3), which aim to increase the performance of this function by using pipelining, four types of pipelining are proposed two, three, four, and six pipelining stages. This approach allows us to design data paths of SHA-3 with higher Throughput and higher clock frequencies. The design reaches a maximum Throughput of 102.98 Gbps on Virtex 5 and 115.124 Gbps on Virtex 6 in the case of the 6 stages, for 512 bits output length. Although the utilization of the resource increase with the increase of the number of the cores used in each one of the cases. The proposed designs are coded in very high-speed integrated circuits program (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL) and implemented in Xilinx Virtex-5 and Virtex-6 A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices and compared to existing FPGA implementations.</span>
Cited by 8Open access
Rajagopala VasanthaReddy, S. C. Lingareddy · International journal of intelligent engineering and systems · 2021
Cognitive radio network is enormously used to improve the spectrum utilization by enabling the dynamic spectrum access. The performance of the cognitive radio network is affected due to the denial of service caused by the primary user emulation attack. This primary user emulation attack restricts the spectrum access opportunity of secondary users. In this research, the integration of Secure Hash Algorithm -1 (SHA-1) and neural network (i.e., soft computing method) is proposed to avoid the primary user emulation attack. The Received Signal Strength (RSS) and Direction of Arrival (DoA) are used to achieve the localization between the primary and secondary users. The main objective of the proposed method is to minimize the loss ratio during the communication process. The performance of the RSS-DoA-SHA method is analyzed in terms of routing overhead, End-to-End Delay (EED) and loss ratio. The proposed RSS-DoA-SHA method is compared with two existing methods such as RSS-Angle of Arrival (AOA) method and Hybrid Routing Algorithm -Symmetric Key Cryptography (HRA-SKC) method to evaluate the performance measures. The end to end delay of the proposed method for 500 PU is 1ms, it is less when compared to the RSS-AOA method.
Cited by 5Open access
Indrian Alfiansyah, Rini Wisnu Wardhani · 2018
Biometric recognition refers to the use of distinctive anatomical (e.g., fingerprints, face, iris) and behavioral (e.g., speech) characteristics, called biometric identifiers or traits or characteristics for automatically recognizing individuals. Fingerprint has advantages that we don't need to bring a card or remember a password and the most important thing is fingerprint could not be shared or transferred. Biometric fingerprint authentication has many advantages, but biometric fingerprint authentication has a weakness in fingerprint template that can be stolen and the attacker can reconstructs fingerprint template to fingerprint image. In this paper, we introduce an implementation of SHA-3 hash function for fingerprint template on biometric fingerprint authentication based Arduino Mega 2560. This paper describes about how to secures fingerprint template with SHA-3 from attacker that want to reconstructs fingerprint template to fingerprint image.
Cited by 5
G Bindu, H. M. Moyeenudin, R. Anandan · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · 2023
Cited by 1
Henki Bayu Seta, Theresia Wati, Ilham Cahya Kusuma · 2019
The use of information systems is a solutions to support the operations of the institution. In order to access information systems in accordance with their access rights, usually the user will enter a username and password as the authentication process. However, this has a weakness if the other side is cheating by sniffing or tapping user passwords. This makes the password unsafe to use for access information systems. If the username and password if it is stolen, abuse will occur for the crime or theft of the owner's identity accounts like name, email, telephone number, biological mother's name, account number and others. One solution is to apply two factor authentication method which is Time-Based One Time Password (TOTP) and Secure Algorithm Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1). With this method, the system Authentication of a website or site does not only depend on the username and password to enter the account user but the user will get a token or code which is used to log in to the user's account. After testing hundred times, the authentication process who use Two Factor Authentication can tackle possible attacks on abuse o user access rights. Time Based Application One Time Password and Secure Hash Algorithm 1 Generate code that can't be the same because of the code it can only be used once with a time limit certain so it is difficult to guess. SHA1 with long input different strings will produce output with a fixed length string of 160 bits. Test results are obtained the results that 30 seconds is enough to prevent hackers log in and take over the account without permission and also prove that two-factor authentication can increase the security of the authentication process well. The time above is the result of testing the process user authentication until the hacker sniffing against tokens to try to take over the account.
Cited by 16
Santi Sulastri, Riana Defi Mahadji Putri · Jurnal Teknik Elektro · 2018
There are various types of encryption that can be used, for example MD5 and SHA-256. However, using MD5 or SHA-256 alone is not safe enough because it can be solved by using a brute force attack. The method of working is very simple is to try all possible combinations. This study aims to develop MD5 and SHA256 collaboration methods. Encryption is applied to the user's password on the web login system. Simulation results can be tested by measuring resistance to brute force attacks and the value of the avalanche effect (AE). From the results of the tests carried out by using attack software, the results of the application are quite safe from brute force attacks. From the AE test obtained the result with an AE value of 71% which means that the encoding result is good enough.
Cited by 9Open access
Siti Nurrokhimah, Asep Id Hadiana, Fatan Kasyidi · Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (JICT) · 2025
Dalam era transformasi digital, Layanan Berbasis Lokasi (LBS) kini menjadi krusial dalam berbagai platform digital, termasuk website pengiriman untuk pelacakan lokasi paket secara real-time. Namun, penggunaan LBS membawa risiko keamanan data lokasi. Dalam penggunaannya, website ini mengirimkan data ke server dalam bentuk teks biasa, yang menimbulkan kelemahan dalam keamanan data privasi pengguna. Padahal, kerahasiaan data pribadi termasuk data lokasi diatur dalam Pasal 26 UU ITE Revisi 2016 yang mengatur tentang privasi data pengguna. Berdasar hal tersebut, pada penelitian ini diterapkan algoritma AES dan SHA-3 untuk mengenkripsi dan hashing data lokasi pengguna sebelum dikirimkan ke server. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses enkripsi dan hashing data lokasi dengan menggunakan kombinasi dua algoritma dapat diterapkan pada database sistem LBS. Pengujian dilakukan dengan melihat waktu tempuh pengiriman data pada seluruh sistem sebanyak 10 kali dengan variasi jumlah input data berbeda, yang menunjukkan adanya peningkatan waktu proses setelah implementasi Algoritma AES dan SHA-3. Selanjutnya, dari hasil pengujian avalanche effect menunjukkan hasil yang kurang baik sehingga tidak memberikan tingkat keamanan yang maksimal. Pengujian integritas juga dilakukan, dengan memeriksa hasil hashing data menggunakan SHA-3. Dari hasil pengujian tersebut, menunjukkan bahawa aspek integritas data lokasi pengguna terpenuhi sesuai dengan hasil pengujian integritas yang dilakukan.
Cited by 0Open access
- Arya Shidika Listanto, - Rini Marwati, - Isnie Yusnitha · Repository at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia) · 2025
Sistem pemilihan berbasis elektronik (e-voting) menjadi alternatif yang efektif dan efisien untuk menggantikan metode tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang protokol keamanan e-voting menggunakan algoritma Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-256) dan fungsi hash Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256). Algoritma AES-256 digunakan untuk menjaga kerahasiaan data pilihan suara, sementara SHA-256 digunakan untuk memverifikasi keaslian dan integritas data pemilih serta suara. Program aplikasi e-voting dikembangkan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Python dengan integrasi berbagai library untuk mendukung enkripsi, dekripsi, dan antarmuka pengguna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi algoritma kriptografi ini mampu meningkatkan keamanan data e-voting dan mempermudah proses verifikasi, menjadikannya solusi yang andal untuk aplikasi pemilu berbasis teknologi. Electronic voting (e-voting) systems offers an effective and efficient alternative to traditional voting methods. This study aims to design a secure e-voting protocol utilizing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-256) algorithm and the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256). The AES-256 algorithm is employed to ensure the confidentiality of voting data, while SHA-256 is used to verify the authenticity and integrity of voter and ballot data. An e-voting application program was developed using the Python programming language, integrating various libraries to support encryption, decryption, and user interface functionalities. The research findings indicate that the implementation of these cryptographic algorithms enhances the security of e-voting data and simplifies the verification process, making it a reliable solution for technology-based electoral systems.
Cited by 0
Mohd Kamir Yusof, Ahmad Faisal Amri Abidin · 2011
Instant messenger is an IM application that allows communication in a secured manner. A secured private IM is needed to ensure data transmission between sender and recipient more secure. This paper presents a secure IM architecture. A secure architecture is divided into four modules; chat module, transceiver module, secure module, and routing module. In this research, hash algorithm was applied in secure module. The main function of hash algorithm is to encrypt and convert into hash value. The purpose of this encryption is to ensure unauthorized person cannot view the original data or information through the network. IM application was developed and tested. The result indicates this architecture and hash algorithm able to improve level of data security.
Cited by 11