Arnold W. Reitze · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · 2015
A. Ethanol From Cellulose Cellulosic ethanol is the most promising second-generation biofuel, but the cost of production limits its viability, though costs are declining. (203) In order to qualify for a renewable identification number for cellulosic ethanol, production must meet requirements include lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, that are at least 60 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from gasoline or diesel, whichever the fuel is replacing. (204) In June 2012, the first tradable renewable identification number was issued to Blue Sugars for cellulosic ethanol production, but the company went bankrupt in 2013. (205) The CAA requires 0.1 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuel to be used in the year 2010 and its use to increase in steps to 16.0 billion gallons in 2022. (206) The administrator of EPA is given limited power in CAA section 211(o)(4) to modify the advanced biofuel and cellulosic requirements concerning the mandated percentages of GHG reductions. Section 211(o)(7)(A) allows the Administrator to modify the utilization requirements to prevent harm to the economy, the environment, or because of inadequate production. (207) This power has been used to adjust production requirements; in 2012, the industry produced only 20,069 gallons of fuel. (208) An alternative approach proposed by EPA to deal with the industry's performance is to change the definition of cellulosic ethanol to allow more fuels to qualify as cellulosic biofuels. (209) Technical amendments to the RFS to clarify the number of cellulosic biofuel identification numbers for fuels of varying cellulosic content were promulgated on July 8, 2014. (210) Ethanol produced from cellulose or other non-food inputs is a promising source of biofuels. It can be produced from trees and forest residues, although there is no commercial production of fuel from woody biomass except for the use of pulp and saw mill wastes to produce heat, steam, and electricity. (211) Fast growing woody crops such as hybrid willow and poplar have the potential to be feedstock for cellulosic fuel. (212) Another potential feedstock is perennial grass, such as switchgrass or Giant Miscanthus. Switchgrass is a perennial Midwest and Southeast grass with nearly three times the yield of hay. Giant Miscanthus is a native of Asia has some use as a fuel in Europe. The advantage of perennial grasses is they are not normally irrigated and therefore require less water, fertilizer, and pesticides than most crops, and their extensive root system reduces soil erosion and provides habitat for wildlife. (213) Some of the plants approved for renewable fuel production by EPA, such as giant reed and napier grass, are invasive species other government agencies are trying to control. (214) Agricultural residues not specifically grown for food such as corn stover can be used to produce cellulosic ethanol, although the use of corn stover for fuel could lead to increases in soil erosion. (215) A 2007 lifecycle study found the energy requirements for cellulosic fuel production are low for switchgrass and hybrid poplar feedstock when compared to corn crops. Other experts claim cellulosic ethanol has a 100 percent energy gain, compared to the 34 percent energy gain for corn. (216) Utilizing non-food inputs is important because if all of the United States corn harvest is devoted to ethanol production it would offset about 25 percent of national gasoline demand. (217) An advantage of using cellulosic feedstock is it can be grown on marginal or degraded land can provide increased regional agricultural income without utilizing land used for food production. (218) Moreover, cellulosic feedstocks require less pesticides and fertilizer than corn-based ethanol. (219) However, demand for cellulosic ethanol could result in adverse impacts on forests if they were cut to produce fuel or converted to plantations of fast growing trees. …
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Arnold W. Reitze · UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy · 2015
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Patrick U. Okoye, Jude A. Okolie, Stanislav Kolisnychenko · Trans Tech Publications Ltd. eBooks · 2022
This book presents an overview of the latest trends in the area of biofuel production and utilisation. The collection contains articles published by Trans Tech Publications Inc. between the years 2019 and 2020. Articles cover diverse aspects of biomass pretreatment and conversion technologies, present results of an evaluation of the physicochemical properties of various biofuels, and contain an analysis of the compatibility of exploitative equipment.
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Barry D. Solomon · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · 2023
This comprehensive Dictionary brings together an extensive range of definitive terms in ecological economics. Assembling contributions from distinguished scholars, it provides an intellectual map to this evolving subject ranging from the practical to the philosophical.
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Arridina Susan Silitonga · Kudos Innovations Ltd · 2021
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Vincent M. Russo · International Journal of Vegetable Science · 2008
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Goessing, Max · Whitworth Digital Commons (Whitworth University) · 2010
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Maslak, Valeria · Electronic archive of KNUTD (Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design) · 2020
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2024
Biofuel is another renewable source of energy that is extremely environment friendly. Biofuel is produced from natural resources like wood, agricultural waste, molasses, sewage waste, municipal waste, and the sugar industry. The major use of biofuel is in the automotive industry to reduce environmental pollution. Based on processing, biofuel can replace oil and coal. In biofuel, liquid biofuel is the most important fuel source in use. Liquid biofuel includes bioethanol, biodiesel, green diesel, bio-ethers, aviation biofuel, and biomethane. Biodiesel is similar to conventional diesel in composition. Basic raw materials for biodiesel include animal fats, vegetable oils, rape seeds, jatropha (nettlespurge), mustard, flax seeds, sunflower seeds, and palm oil. Biogas can be produced as renewable energy for transport as well as domestic purposes. Landfill biogas is produced almost all over the world and can be used to generate power and reduce environmental pollution.
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R Mahenthiran, P S Sudhiksha, M Srimukie et al. · 2024
The chapter describes the history, types, generations, production, advantages, disadvantages, and importance of biofuel. Biofuel is a renewable resource used as an alternative fuel that is produced from organic matter and waste from plants and animals in a short period of time. Biofuel plays an important role as an alternative fuel for diesel, petrol, or other fossil fuels mainly used for transportation in our society. The main reason for using biofuel instead of other fuel sources is that the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide produced by others leads to global warming. Biofuel can also be used to generate heat and electricity. It may exist in three different states: solid, liquid, and gas. It is also cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Biomass is directly converted into liquid fuels called biofuels. Knowledge of history, Generation, production, and uses are important to know about biofuel and explore its facts in our society.
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Rohani, Hanung, Natsir, Hasnah, abd, karim · Hasanuddin University Repository · 2017
Research about the potential of jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus) waste as material of bioethanol productio has been carried out. Bioethanol production being processed by HFS (Hydrolysis Fermentation Separately) which the jackfruit seeds hydrolyzed by sulphate acid into glucose, glucose level from hydrolysis is 75 % then the fermentation was continue using Saccharomyces cereviseae to get bioethanol with each optimum condition. The fermentation conducted for 1-5 days with pH variation 2, 3, 4, and 5. Results show that the highest level of bioethanol is 57,94% at pH 3 and the lowest is 14,99% at pH 2.
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Guruwendra Singh, Prashant Baredar · 2020
Energy is the engine for the social and economic development in the past, present, and future. It is the basis for progress and prosperity of nations and societies. The significant economic growth of any country depends on the extensive availability of resources that are accessible, reasonable, and sustainable. At the moment, more than 80% of our global energy comes from fossil fuel (oil, gas, and coal). The production and utilization of these fuels are not sustainable, and these resources are limited. Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources, which means that after some time, the very last amount of coal will be dug from the earth and the last drop of oil will be extracted from the earth. Thus, it is necessary to move to renewable energy sources that will last till the end of time and are environmentally friendly. In this chapter, a detailed view of first-, second-, and third-generation biofuels are presented.
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Diego Luna · 2014
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Sidra Hameed, Muhammad Ehtisham Basel, Kashif Javed et al. · Elsevier eBooks · 2023
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Amin Mirkouei · 2024
Biofuels are low-emission fuels that can help decarbonize different industrial sectors where electrification is challenging and cannot meet net-zero emission targets. Biofuels can be classified into two main types: gaseous (e.g., biogas and biomethane) and liquid hydrocarbon fuels (e.g., bioethanol and biodiesel). This chapter provides 21 technologies with high technology readiness level, along with case study about gasification with carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration. Agricultural residues, food and organic wastes, and sewage sludge are the main types of non-algae feedstocks that can be converted into organic acids and then a mixture of different gases during the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion technology has been used to process or break down algae by microorganisms and bacteria without oxygen. Methane-based energy from biomass (biomethane) is a low-emission solution that captures emissions and generates energy from organic wastes in landfills instead of using fossil fuels (e.g., coal and natural gas).
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VAN ZYL W. H, JOOSTE, T, GÖRGENS, J. F et al. · Research Padua Archive (University of Padua) · 2010
(EN)The invention relates to the combination of the TLG1 glucoamylase from Thermomyces lanuginoses with: (i) the SFA1 alpha-amylase from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera; and/or (ii) the LKA alpha-amylase. The enzyme combinations may be expressed in a host cell (e.g. in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or provided as an enzyme compostion. Methods for making the enzyme combinations of the invention are provided. The invention also relates to a yeast strain which exhibits amylolytic activity and promising fermentative abililties. Processes for producing a fermentation product (in particular alcohol) from stairch-containing material are described.
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Thunman, Henrik · Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) · 2004
This is a graduate course in thermo-chemical conversion of solid fuels with a focus on biofuels. The material is divided into six chapters. In Chapter 2 Linda Johansson has contributed with most of the material and Kent Davidsson is the principal author of Chapter 4. All chapters is reviewed and improved by Robert Johansson, Bo Leckner and Gennadij Palchonock. The Centre for Combustion Science (CeCost), The Swedish National Energy Administration and the Nordic Energy Research Programme have supported this work financially.
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Elsevier eBooks · 2024
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2023
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Serge Cosnier · 2012
This chapter contains sections titled: Presentation and risks Principle and characterization of biofuel cells Principle and characterization of a biofuel cell Biofuel cell examples Bibliography
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