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About 10,000 papers for “Bridge deck”

Erasmus Bridge; bridge deck detail

UNSTUDIO · 1996

Osiris, Lord of Eternity, wearing white crown of Upper Egypt, divine false beard and broad collar (whose counterpoise hangs down his back), mummy wrappings covered with feather pattern, standing atop 'cubit of maat ', grasping in both hands crook and flail, symbolic of his sovereignty, and was scepter of dominion; behind god, supporting him in her embrace, his sister-wife Isis bearing her symbol, the throne, atop lappet wig, uraeus over brow; goddess wearing ankle-length form-fitting gown, broad collar, armlets, bracelets and anklets, holding in left hand, ankh , sign of life; before Osiris, Four Sons of Horus (the canopic genii), each mummiform with distinctive head, standing upon lotus blossom; all figures enclosed within sarcophagus-shaped baldachin whose roof is embellished with uraeus frieze and, center, mummiform falcon of Seker, Memphite funerary deity.The vignette from the Book of the Dead illustrated here depicts Osiris, king and supreme judge of the dead and ruler of the underworld, enshrined with his sister-wife Isis beneath a sarcophagus-shaped baldachin. Osiris appears in his glory, justified before the gods and enveloped within a feathered shroud, symbolic of resurrection.Atop the roof of the baldachin Seker, the Memphite funerary deity, spreads his mummiform wings. Originally associated with and embodied in the nocturnal sparrow hawk, Seker became the god of the Memphite necropolis. He was "...a deity of darkness and decay in the earth." Sometimes he bore the epithet 'soul of Geb'. Seker's principal shrine was called 'Gate of the Ways'. Here he stationed himself, at the entrance to his domain, the western desert, where he fed upon the hearts of the dead. Represented as a hawk, usually mummiform, or as a hawk-headed mummy, Seker came to be associated and identified with both Osiris and Ptah to form the triune god of resurrection Ptah-Seker-Osiris. [--Ions.]For a commentary upon the Four Sons of Horus and their birth from the lotus, see 2Ak.167.The vignette accompanies the text introducing the so-called 'Negative Confession'. This speech was recited before the forty-two judges (each representing nome, or province, of Egypt) in the judgment hall of Osiris. "The deceased confidently addressed each of his judges in turn, calling him by name to prove that he knew him and had nothing to fear: that he was guilty of no evil actions or qualities in respect of that assessor's especial sin. No admission of any sin was made, and the deceased affirmed that he was truly pure....The strong affirmation that the soul of the deceased was without sin seems to have been regarded like a magic spell, as sufficient to make it sinless." [--Ions.] (For complete discussion, see 2Ap.025.); |Osiris, wearing white crown of Upper Egypt, mummy wrappings with feather pattern, standing on "cubit of Maat" holding crook and flail and was scepter; Isis, throne on head, holding ankh sign; 4 mummiform sons of Horus standing on lotus blossom; all enclosed within shrine with uraeus frieze; C, Seker as falcon.;

Cited by 0

Bridge Deck Analysis

Damien L. Keogh, Eugene O’ Brien · 1999

The definitive text in the field of Bridge Deck behaviour and analysis Bridge Deck Analysis is an essential reference for civil and structural engineers.It provides bridge designers with the knowledge to understand the behaviour of bridge decks, to be familiar with, and to understand the various numerical modelling techniques, to know which techniq

Cited by 3

BRIDGE DECK DEICING

Sherif Yehia, Christopher Y. Tuan · 1998

Concrete bridge decks are prone to ice accumulation. The use of road salts and chemicals for deicing is cost effective but causes damage to concrete and corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks. This problem is a major concern to transportation officials and public works due to rapid degradation of existing concrete pavements and bridge decks. The use of insulation materials for ice control and electric or thermal heating for deicing have been attempted and met limited success. Conductive concrete may be defined as a cementitious composite, which contains a certain amount of electronically conductive components to attain stable and relatively high electrical conductivity. When connected to a power source, heat is generated due to the electrical resistance in the cement admixture with metallic particles and steel fibers. Based on the results of a transient heat transfer analysis, a thin conductive concrete overlay on a bridge deck has the potential to become a cost effective deicing method. Small-scale slab heating experiments have shown that an average power of about W/m2 was generated by the conductive concrete to raise the slab temperature from -1.1 degrees C (30 degrees F) to 15.6 degrees C (60 degrees F) in 30 minutes. This power level is consistent with the successful deicing applications using electrical heating cited in the literature. The work described in this paper is part of an on-going research project being conducted for Nebraska Department of Roads. Two large slabs are under construction for a bridge deck deicing experiment in a natural environment to monitor power consumption and deicing performance. The construction costs and experimental data will be used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of using a conductive concrete overlay for bridge deck deicing or anti-icing.

Cited by 22

Bridge Deck Analysis

Eugene J. OBrien, D.L. Keogh, Alan O’Connor · 2014

Captures Current Developments in Bridge Design and MaintenanceRecent research in bridge design and maintenance has focused on the serviceability problems of older bridges with aging joints. The favored solution of integral construction and design has produced bridges with fewer joints and bearings that require less maintenance and deliver increased

Cited by 43

Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck

Chitoshi MIKI · IIW collection · 2025

Orthotropic steel bridge decks are composed of thin steel plates, and when loaded with vehicles on decks, complex three-dimensional displacements occur, resulting in various fatigue cracks at various locations. This chapter describes fatigue cracks in orthotropic steel decks occurred in Japanese steel bridges, their causes, and repair and retrofitting measures for them.

Cited by 0Open access

Rijnhavenbrug; detail bridge deck

2012

The god Onuris (An-her, Anhert, Anhoru, Onouris), represented as a man wearing circlet tied at back of head, two pairs of Two Feathers, bull tail, standing holding ankh in right hand, was -scepter in left.; |Sky god Onuris, represented as man wearing two pairs of Two Feathers, holding ankh and was .;

Cited by 0

BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION STUDY

J E Bukovatz, C F Crumpton, H E Worley · 1973

PRELIMINARY SURVEYS MADE IN 1959 AND 1960 INDICATED VARIOUS TYPES OF BRIDGE DECK DAMAGE. THE DAMAGE WAS SUFFICIENT TO WARRANT AN EXTENSIVE BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION STUDY. THE OBJECTIVES WERE TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT AND CAUSES OF DETERIORATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTIVE AND MAINTENANCE TREATMENTS. NINE REPORTS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED FROM THIS STUDY. THIS IS A FINAL REPORT WHICH SUMMARIZES SOME PROJECT FINDINGS. ALL OF THE 2700 BRIDGES WERE SURVEYED IN 1961. FIELD WORK ON SPECIFIC ASPECTS WAS CONTINUED FOR MORE THAN TEN YEARS. NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION OF CORROSION HAS BEEN BEGUN QUITE RECENTLY. DETAILED ANNUAL SURVEYS FOR THREE CONSECUTIVE YEARS EFFECTIVENESS OF ASPHALT TYPE BITUMINOUS SEALS IN PREVENTING DETERIORATION ON NEW CONCRETE DECK SURFACES. EIGHT DIFFERENT COVER MATERIALS WERE PLACED ON SIXTEEN DECKS FOR ANOTHER EVALUATION OF SEALING MATERIALS. SPECIAL STUDIES WITH EPOXIES WERE ALSO MADE. EPOXY INJECTION, SEALS, AND PATCHING WERE EVALUATED. CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SCALING, CORROSION, AND SPALLING WERE INVESTIGATED. SPALLING, SCALING, CRACKING AND DELAMINATIONS OF HOLLOW PLANES WERE OFTEN FOUND SEPARATELY OR TOGETHER. THESE PROBLEMS APPEAR TO BE CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF CIRCUMSTANCES RATHER THAN BY A SINGLE FACTOR. FACTORS WHICH APPEAR TO BE SIGNIFICANT IN MINIMIZING DAMAGE TO BRIDGE DECKS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: TWO INCHES OR MORE OF COVER OVER TOP STEEL; LOW WATER-CEMENT RATIO; AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE; QUALITY CONSTRUCTION, INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE; CORRECTION OF ANY DEFECT AS SOON AS FOUND; AND PROTECTION OF THE DECK SURFACE. /NTIS/

Cited by 0

PRECAST BRIDGE DECK STUDY

H T Turner, D C Mckee · 1970

TESTS TO FAILURE WERE PERFORMED ON ONE, TWO, AND FIVE TYPICAL SLAB ELEMENTS FROM WHICH PRECAST CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS MAY BE ASSEMBLED. THESE TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASCERTAIN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UNGROUTED TONGUE AND GROOVE JOINTS FOR LATERAL LOAD TRANSFER. EACH PRECAST ELEMENT WAS 4'0 WIDE BY 19'0 LONG (CLEAR SPAN 18'0). WHERE THE TEST INVOLVED TWO OR MORE PRECAST ELEMENTS, THESE ELEMENTS WERE FASTENED TOGETHER WITH FOUR 7/8 INCH ROUND A 36 STEEL BARS WITH INITIAL TENSILE STRESS OF 20,000 PSI. SLAB DETAILS ARE SHOWN ON LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS STANDARD PLANS PSS-90-28-20. THE ASSEMBLED DECKS ARE DESIGNED FOR HS20-44 LOADING. /FHWA/

Cited by 0

BRIDGE DECK CONDITION SURVEY

J G Darroch, H L Furr · 1970

FORTY-FIVE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS (BRIDGE TYPE, AGE, DESIGN SPECIFICATION, TRAFFIC DENSITY, ETC.) AND 13 DECK-CONDITION VARIABLES (DEGREE AND EXTENT OF SCALING, CRACKING, DELAMINATION, GENERAL DECK CONDITION, ETC.) WERE IN TABLES SHOWING FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF POURS UNDER EACH CONDITION AND WERE APPRAISED FOR STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION. A RELATIVE FREQUENCY TABLE WAS PREPARED FOR COMBINATIONS SHOWING REAL ASSOCIATION. THE STUDY REVEALED THAT SCALING IS ENHANCED BY DEICING SALT AND IS MARKEDLY REDUCED IN AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE. THERE IS CONSIDERABLE LONGITUDINAL CRACKING IN PAN-FORMED BRIDGES BUT IT IS PREDOMINATELY TRANSVERSE IN OTHER TYPES. DECKS SUPPORTED ON STEEL BEAMS ARE MORE SEVERELY DETERIORATED THAN THOSE SUPPORTED BY CONCRETE BEAMS. THERE IS ONLY A SLIGHT ADVANTAGE FOR CENTRAL-MIXED CONCRETE OVER TRANSIT-MIXED CONCRETE. THE DECKS WITH THE NORMAL TYPE CROWN SHOW LESS DETERIORATION THAN THOSE WITH CONSTANT SLOPE CROWN. BRIDGES WITH HIGHER TRAFFIC DENSITY SHOW A LOWER PERCENTAGE OF SEVERE DETERIORATION THAN THOSE WITH LOW TRAFFIC DENSITY; BUT HIGHER TRAFFIC DENSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEWER BRIDGES BUILT UNDER MORE RECENT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS. BRIDGES CARRYING GREATER WHEEL LOADS APPEAR TO BE IN BETTER CONDITION THAN THOSE WITH LIGHTER LOADS BUT AGE IS A FACTOR HERE. LESS CRACKING AND SCALING OF DECKS APPEARS IN BRIDGES WHERE THE CONCRETE MIX INCLUDES RETARDING AND WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. /FHWA/

Cited by 1

Bridge deck drainage guidelines.

Young, G. K., United States. Federal Highway Administration. Structures Division., Bellomo-McGee, Inc. et al. · The Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association

Cited by 0Open access

Bridge Deck Scaling Survey

Steven Hanna, Charles Scholer · 1964

This investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining the condition of exposed bridge surfaces with respect to scaling of the Portland cement concrete. Bridges in the Indiana Primary, Secondary and Interstate Systems were investigated. The exposed surfaces checked were approaches, deck, curb, gutter and sidewalk areas. Bridges constructed from 1947 to the fall of 1963 were inspected. The year 1947 was chosen as a starting point since 1947 was the first year in which air-entrained concrete was in general usage. The tabulation of bridges in the State Highway System of Indiana compiled by the Bridge Department of the ISHC and dated June 30, 1962 was used as a basis for determining the number and location of bridges on the Primary and Secondary systems. Strip maps were used to locate Interstate bridges and hence the total count of Interstate structures could not be determined with the same accuracy. However, a large fraction of the total number of Interstate bridges was included in the survey. All bridges on record were located on a state map using map pins. Routes were then selected in a manner so as to give uniform coverage of the state. This investigation was not intended to inventory all structures in the state but rather to obtain a representative sample throughout the state so as to evaluate the magnitude of the scaling problem in Indiana.

Cited by 2