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Shadow enhancer (secondary enhancer)

The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics · 2015

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Enhancer

J. W. Verhoeven · IUPAC Standards Online · 2016

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Enhancer

Niall Dillon · Dictionary of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology · 2004

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Enhancer

Niall Dillon · Dictionary of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology · 2004

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enhancer

Tim Coleman · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2024

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enhancer

2008

Citation: 'enhancer' in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 3rd ed.; International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2006. Online version 3.0.1, 2019. 10.1351/goldbook.E02122 • License: The IUPAC Gold Book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0 International for individual terms. Requests for commercial usage of the compendium should be directed to IUPAC.

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Enhancer

Jianhua Ruan · 2013

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enhancer

Max Petrenko · 2012

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Enhancer

2008

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Enhancer

W. Schaffner · Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology · 2002

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Enhancer

Marc D. Binder, Nobutaka Hirokawa, Uwe Windhorst · 2008

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Enhancer

National Cancer Institute · Definitions · 2020

NCI T

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Enhancer

The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics · 2015

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rysterzhu/enhancer-in-1LS: Enhancer-in-1LS

Q. S. Zhu · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2026

Code availability for "Distal enhancers regulate early embryonic lineage differentiation through long-range interactions".

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rysterzhu/enhancer-in-1LS: Enhancer-in-1LS

Q. S. Zhu · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2026

Code availability for "Distal enhancers regulate early embryonic lineage differentiation through long-range interactions".

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Decreased Enhancer-Promoter Proximity Accompanying Enhancer Activation

Nezha S. Benabdallah, Iain Williamson, Robert S. Illingworth et al. · Molecular Cell · 2019

Enhancers can regulate the promoters of their target genes over very large genomic distances. It is widely assumed that mechanisms of enhancer action involve the reorganization of three-dimensional chromatin architecture, but this is poorly understood. The predominant model involves physical enhancer-promoter interaction by looping out the intervening chromatin. However, studying the enhancer-driven activation of the Sonic hedgehog gene (Shh), we have identified a change in chromosome conformation that is incompatible with this simple looping model. Using super-resolution 3D-FISH and chromosome conformation capture, we observe a decreased spatial proximity between Shh and its enhancers during the differentiation of embryonic stem cells to neural progenitors. We show that this can be recapitulated by synthetic enhancer activation, is impeded by chromatin-bound proteins located between the enhancer and the promoter, and appears to involve the catalytic activity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Our data suggest that models of enhancer-promoter communication need to encompass chromatin conformations other than looping.

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Enhancer talk

Snetkova, V, Skok, JA · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · 2018

© 2018 2018 Future Medicine Ltd. Enhancers are short noncoding segments of DNA (100-1000 bp) that control the temporal and spatial activity of genes in an orientation-independent manner. They can be separated from their target genes by large distances and are thus known as distal regulatory elements. One consequence of the variability in the distance separating enhancers and their target promoters is that it is difficult to determine which elements are involved in the regulation of a particular gene. Moreover, enhancers can be found in clusters in which multiple regulatory elements control expression of the same target gene. However, little is known about how the individual elements contribute to gene expression. Here, we describe how chromatin conformation promotes and constraints enhancer activity. Further, we discuss enhancer clusters and what is known about the contribution of individual elements to the regulation of target genes. Finally, we examine the reliability of different methods used to identify enhancers.

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Enhancer evolution

Rivera, Ajna S, Lo, Amanda · Scholarly Commons (University of the Pacific) · 2019

The gene pitx1 is a switch for skeleton patterning (it is a transcription factor that controls a battery that patterns mesodermal tissues)9. Loss of a cis regulatory element that turns it on in pelvic regions leads to a reduced pelvis. This mutation is common in freshwater fish populations, where a smaller pelvis may be beneficial, but not in marine fish populations, where a more robust pelvis may be beneficial.

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Splicing Enhancer

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Genetics, Genomics and Proteomics · 2004

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Enhancer sequence

The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics · 2015

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