José C. Pedro · Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering · 2024
Abstract This article presents a broad overview of intermodulation distortion (IMD) in microwave and RF circuits and systems. It starts by putting IMD in the context of the linear and nonlinear perturbations of telecommunication systems to then explain its physical origins and most common theoretical analysis methods and laboratory characterization setups. For that, several device/system models and analytical and numerical techniques are addressed as well as the nonlinear distortion generation mechanisms present in typical microwave small‐signal amplifiers, high‐power amplifiers, and frequency converters are reviewed.
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José C. Pedro · Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering · 2024
Abstract This article presents a broad overview of intermodulation distortion (IMD) in microwave and RF circuits and systems. It starts by putting IMD in the context of the linear and nonlinear perturbations of telecommunication systems to then explain its physical origins and most common theoretical analysis methods and laboratory characterization setups. For that, several device/system models and analytical and numerical techniques are addressed as well as the nonlinear distortion generation mechanisms present in typical microwave small‐signal amplifiers, high‐power amplifiers, and frequency converters are reviewed.
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Evans, Bill, Hall, Jim
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2015
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Muhammad Taher Abuelma’atti · Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering · 2024
Abstract Whenever a number of signals of differing frequencies pass through a nonlinear device, energy is transferred to frequencies that are sums and differences of the original frequencies, that is, intermodulation products. This article presents a simple intermodulation theory and discusses its limitations and extensions. Methods of characterizing and measuring the intermodulation performance of nonlinear devices are presented, and their merits and demerits are discussed.
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Oxford University Press eBooks · 2023
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Sauseng,Otto · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · 1976
Methods for reducing capture effects and intermodulation distortion in broadband traveling-wave tubes have been investigated theorteically and experimentally. Considered were primarily techniques that involve interaction of electron beam and slow wave circuit both at the fundamental and at the harmonic frequency range. It was found that significant improvements in tube linearity can be achieved when such a tube is simultaneously driven by the fundamental frequency signals as well as by their first harmonics. hen amplitude and phase of the injected harmonic signals is optimized at saturation, suprious harmonic output power is reduced by more than 10 dB, while fundamental output power and efficiency is about doubled. In multi-tone operation third order intermodulation is then improved by about 6 dB to 8 dB. For broadband applications, the required harmonic signals can conveniently be generated by a wideband driver TWT that is operated in its non-linear range. The design of a driver and output tube chain is described that utilizes harmonic injection over a large frequency range. The tube chain is designed to produce gain and power over a nearly two-octave bandwidth with harmonic injection improvements available over the lower half of the total frequency range. (Author)
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Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics · 1997
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Muhammad Taher Abuelma’atti · Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering · 2005
Abstract Whenever a number of signals of differing frequencies pass through a nonlinear device, energy is transferred to frequencies that are sums and differences of the original frequencies, that is, intermodulation products. Using a Taylor series expansion, this article presents a simple intermodulation theory and discusses its limitations and extensions. Methods of characterizing and measuring the intermodulation performance of nonlinear devices are presented, and their merits and demerits are discussed.
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Bertran Albertí, Eduardo · SpringerReference · 2011
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Martin H. Weik · 2000
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D.B. Rutledge · Cambridge University Press eBooks · 1999
Fundamentally, a receiver is limited in sensitivity by noise that competes with the signal we want. A receiver is also limited in handling strong signals by its nonlinearities, which produce intermodulation products that block reception. Noise is a random voltage or current that is present whether a signal is there or not. We distinguish noise from interference, which is an unwanted signal coupled into the circuit, and from fading, which is a variation in the signal level, caused by interference between radio waves arriving by different paths. There are many different sources of noise. Several forms are caused by bias currents. In diodes, the random arrival times of electrons cause shot noise. Another current noise is 1/f noise, where power varies inversely with the frequency. This 1/f noise is found in contacts, and it is associated with energy states at interfaces called traps. It can often be reduced by improving the fabrication process. However, even in the absence of bias currents there is noise associated with resistors. It is called Johnson noise after John Johnson at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, who first measured it.
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Tobias Hünermann · Die Musikforschung · 2015
Ins Blickfeld rücken zwei in vielerlei Hinsicht analoge kompositorische Verfahren, die der Integration und Vermittlung musikalischer Prätexte dienen. Es ist dies zum einen Stockhausens 1966 in der "Telemusik" entwickeltes Prozedere, durch Intermodulationen zwischen gefundenen Objekten und neuer elektronischer Musik zu einer tiefgreifenden Verbindung unterschiedlicher musikalischer Tradition zu gelangen, zum anderen die für Berios integratives kompositorisches Denken zentrale Methode der Transkription, die einen kreativen Dialog mit der musikalischen Vergangenheit wie auch mit verschiedenen kulturellen Traditionen allererst ermöglicht. Beide Verfahren werden vor dem Hintergrund ihrer ästhetischen Prämissen und Intentionen reflektiert und anschließend anhand ausgewählter Beispiele exemplifiziert.
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Khadijah M. Emran (4768293), Albandaree K. Al-Harbi (4768290) · Figshare · 2018
<p>(a) The intermodulation spectrafor VX9 alloy at 0.1M NaOH solution. (b)The intermodulation spectrafor VX9 alloy at 0.25M NaOH solution. (c) The intermodulation spectrafor VX9 alloy at 0.5M NaOH solution. (d) The intermodulation spectrafor VX50 alloy at 0.1M NaOH solution. (e) The intermodulation spectrafor VX50 alloy at 0.25M NaOH solution. (f) The intermodulation spectrafor VX50 alloy at 0.5M NaOH solution.</p>
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Xiong Chen, Keyue Zhang, Lipeng Wan et al. · 2018
A design of tunable intermodulation (IM) generator with bidirectional output is presented. A Schottky diode is working as artificial nonlinear source, while another power coupling network is used to attenuate the powerful carrier wave and IM signal. The bidirectional IM signal can all be tuned to be smaller than -112dBm @2×43dBm. Meanwhile, due to the symmetrical power distribution and bias network designed by reciprocity principle, the difference between bidirectional IM signals is reduced to be smaller than 1dB. In PIM test, this IM generator can serve as reference source to realize bidirectional PIM calibration.
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2008
This chapter contains sections titled: Intermodulation Products Third-Order Intercept Point Calculation of Maximum Input Power Cautions When Measuring Distortion Products Example Measurement for Intermodulation Products Annotated Bibliography
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T. Reveyr, D. Barataud, J-m. Nébus et al. · 2006
noise in multi carrier wide band power amplifiers based on a digital synthesis of pseudo noise gaussian stimuli
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University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu) · 2020
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E.W. Berth-Jones · Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers · 1953
Arguments are put forward to show that for the majority of applications, intermodulation testing has little advantage over the simpler total harmonic testing methods, which are well known. For those special cases where the intermodulation test methods are justified, great care must be taken in the design of equipment, to ensure reasonable accuracy of results. Phase shifts in filters, among other factors, may affect peak values considerably, and results mean little on an absolute basis unless full details of test conditions are quoted. A typical test equipment is described.
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Veli Kuronen · 2020
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