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About 10,000 papers for “Internet layer”

Internet transport layer system identification

L.B. White · 2002

This paper addresses the problem of building appropriate statistical models of the way the Internet appears from the point of view of congestion, to a transmission control protocol (TCP) sender. TCP is a mechanism for implementing full duplex, acknowledged, end-to-end transmission over an Internet protocol (IP) network. This work has been motivated by the TCP variant, the so-called Vegas implementation. TCP Vegas is really the first implementation to be based loosely on system theoretic ideas in the sense that it measures the segment round-trip times across the network to adjust its transmission rate. This paper develops a new linear system framework for TCP, and applies recursive prediction error identification techniques to specify statistical models which may be used to develop alternative control strategies. Network simulations are used to illustrate behaviour.

Cited by 3

Towards an Internet Selling Layer

Martin Gutbrod · 2011

Abstract. Today buying for internet content is a tedious thing for both vendors and consumers. We are working on a solution which is layered between network and transport and makes the selling process more easy and secure than present implementations. 1

Cited by 0

Layer 1-informed Internet Topology Measurement

Ramakrishnan Durairajan, Joel Sommers, Paul Barford · 2014

Understanding the Internet's topological structure continues to be fraught with challenges. In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis that physical maps of service provider infrastructure can be used to effectively guide topology discovery based on network layer TTL-limited measurement. The goal of our work is to focus layer 3-based probing on broadly identifying Internet infrastructure that has a fixed geographic location such as POPs, IXPs and other kinds of hosting facilities. We begin by comparing more than 1.5 years of TTL-limited probe data from the Ark project with maps of service provider infrastructure from the Internet Atlas project. We find that there are substantially more nodes and links identified in the service provider map data versus the probe data. Next, we describe a new method for probe-based measurement of physical infrastructure called POPsicle that is based on careful selection of probe source-destination pairs. We demonstrate the capability of our method through an extensive measurement study using existing "looking glass" vantage points distributed throughout the Internet and show that it reveals 2.4 times more physical node locations versus standard probing methods. To demonstrate the deployability of POPsicle we also conduct tests at an IXP. Our results again show that POPsicle can identify more physical node locations compared with standard layer 3 probes, and through this deployment approach it can be used to measure thousands of networks world wide.

Cited by 14

Adaptation technology between IP layer and optical layer in optical Internet

Yuefeng Ji, Hua Li, Yongmei Sun · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · 2001

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical network provides a platform with high bandwidth capacity and is supposed to be the backbone infrastructure supporting the next-generation high-speed multi-service networks (ATM, IP, etc.). In the foreseeable future, IP will be the predominant data traffic, to make fully use of the bandwidth of the WDM optical network, many attentions have been focused on IP over WDM, which has been proposed as the most promising technology for new kind of network, so-called Optical Internet. According to OSI model, IP is in the 3rd layer (network layer) and optical network is in the 1st layer (physical layer), so the key issue is what adaptation technology should be used in the 2nd layer (data link layer). In this paper, firstly, we analyze and compare the current adaptation technologies used in backbone network nowadays. Secondly, aiming at the drawbacks of above technologies, we present a novel adaptation protocol (DONA) between IP layer and optical layer in Optical Internet and describe it in details. Thirdly, the gigabit transmission adapter (GTA) we accomplished based on the novel protocol is described. Finally, we set up an experiment platform to apply and verify the DONA and GTA, the results and conclusions of the experiment are given.

Cited by 0

Internet Computer as a Data Availability Layer

Dor Cohen, Yvonne-Anne Pignolet, Ognjen Maric et al. · 2025

Layer-2 networks are widely used to optimize throughput, latency, and costs by aggregating transactions and posting them, batched, to more established blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Further reduction in blockspace usage is achievable by off-loading the actual transaction data to an external storage medium, while posting only a reference to the chain. Ensuring that off-loaded data is available is not a trivial task and it is referred to as the Data Availability (DA) problem. Currently, Arbitrum Nitro supports the off-chain storage through a set of trusted nodes called Data Availability Committee. In this work, we leverage smart contracts on the Internet Computer network as a storage layer for transaction batches produced by Arbitrum Nitro. Our implementation introduces minimal modifications to Arbitrum Nitro and is realized as a native extension. For the first time, we demonstrate the feasibility of using the Internet Computer as a DA layer, enhancing the usability, latency, and cost efficiency of provisioning and maintaining a decentralized storage network. Consequently, the Internet Computer (IC) can position itself as a canonical solution to the DA problem.

Cited by 0

layer protocol for the Internet and the

Dod Gig · 2010

developed in the 1970s and is the basis of interoperability for today’s Internet and many DoD networks. However, IPv4 has limitations that inhibit the endto-end paradigm of the Internet and achievement of the DoD’s vision of netcentric operations. IPv6 has been under development by the Internet community for more than a decade and is designed to overcome IPv4 limitations by greatly expanding available IP address space and integrating features such as end-to-end security, mobile communications, Quality of Service (QoS), and simplified network management. The numerous fixes and extensions implemented to overcome IPv4 limitations often have increased network complexity and slowed network performance. The DoD transition to IPv6 will add functionality and reduce network complexity. Why Is IPv6 Transition Important to the DoD? The DoD seeks to build a more agile, robust, interoperable, and collaborative net-centric environment where warfighters, intelligence, and business users share information on a secure, dependable, and global network. This NCOW network will enable superior decision-making and more effective military operations through network ubiquity and scalability, globally routable addresses, network support of QoS, enhanced plugand-play/mobility, auto-configuration, improved multicast, end-to-end security, and improved network maintainability. In the GIG, IP is the common network protocol that allows all types of data to move seamlessly on the GIG’s diverse transport layer which includes landline, radio, and space-based elements. Due to fundamental limitations of the current IPv4 protocol for the long-term networking requirements of the DoD and commercial community, IPv6 is a critical enabler in achieving the DoD’s vision of the NCOW.

Cited by 0

Cross-layer Transmission Design for Tactile Internet

Changyang She, Chenyang Yang, Tony Q. S. Quek · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2016

To ensure the low end-to-end (E2E) delay for tactile internet, short frame structures will be used in 5G systems. As such, transmission errors with finite blocklength channel codes should be considered to guarantee the high reliability requirement. In this paper, we study cross-layer transmission optimization for tactile internet, where both queueing delay and transmission delay are accounted for in the E2E delay, and different packet loss/error probabilities are considered to characterize the reliability. We show that the required transmit power becomes unbounded when the allowed maximal queueing delay is shorter than the channel coherence time. To satisfy quality-of-service requirement with finite transmit power, we introduce a proactive packet dropping mechanism, and optimize a queue state information and channel state information dependent transmission policy. Since the resource and policy for transmission and the packet dropping policy are related to the packet error probability, queueing delay violation probability, and packet dropping probability, we optimize the three probabilities and obtain the policies related to these probabilities. We start from single-user scenario and then extend our framework to the multi-user scenario. Simulation results show that the optimized three probabilities are in the same order of magnitude. Therefore, we have to take into account all these factors when we design systems for tactile internet applications.

Cited by 5Open access

Transport layer internet mobility based on mSCTP

Seok‐Joo Koh, Hee Young Jung, Jae Hong Min · 2004

The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new transport protocol featuring multi-streaming and multi-homing. Until now, there have been two approaches considered to supporting Internet mobility: Mobile IP in the network layer and SIP in the application layer. In this paper, we discuss the use of SCTP for Internet mobility support in the transport layer. We provide a framework for the use of SCTP with the ADDIP extension, termed “mobile SCTP” or mSCTP for short, for seamless handover and location management. Some implementation and deployment issues are also discussed in all-IP wireless mobile networks.

Cited by 18

Internet Infrastructure: a Multi-layer Network Analysis

ROSSELLO, GIULIA · Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of Pisa) · 2015

Nowadays, with the development of the modern Telecom systems, the structure of World interaction has become more interconnected and complex. The extraordinary revolution brought by the Internet era deeply modified the socio-economic interactions. The understanding of those changes requires new methods and approaches. In particular, transfers of information, that does not require face-to-face interaction, could be considered as flows carried by the global telecommunication network. Therefore, our aim is to disentangle the structural characteristics of these flows among countries, with particular regard to features of the Internet backbone. In order to disentangle the structural characteristics of the Internet infrastructure, we examine the Submarine Cable System. Our analysis represents a step forward in the understanding of this particular infrastructure. Therefore, we study the network structure among countries that proxies the information flows carried by those cables. Indeed, the Submarine Cable System is the biggest component of the Internet backbone. This infrastructure is made of a massive network of fiber optic cables that lies deep under the seas. Nowadays modern cables use optical fiber technology to carry digital data, which include telephone, Internet and private data traffic. The Submarine Cable System is part of an integrated network of different infrastructures that connect the world. For example, the other relevant components of this integrated network are satellites and radio frequency connections. Submarine cables are faster and cheaper than satellites: modern fiber optic can transmit information at 99.7% the speed of light, and do not have problems of latency and bit loss that characterise satellite transmissions. For these reasons, Submarine Cable System represents the biggest component of long distance information flows. Moreover, the Submarine Cable System carries over 97% of intercontinental data traffic. Indeed the capacity used in the Submarine Cable System accounts for the 72% to Internet data, for the 27% to private networks owned by companies, and for only 1% to telephone calls. In our view, given these characteristics we consider cables capacity as a measure of information flows among countries, with particular regard to the Internet traffic. In our analysis we use a dataset in gravity form, re-constructed from Google Tables. The data represent the network of Submarine Cable System, in which nodes are countries and links are cables with their specific capacity (Tb/s). The work can be decomposed in three phases: an econometric analysis on four different representation of the Submarine Cable System, multi-layer comparison between Submarine Cable System and Cargo Ship movements (year 2007), and a layer comparison between the Cables and Air Flows (year 2012). In the phase devoted to the econometric analysis, we study the existence of higher-order properties, unrelated to network characteristics, as country size, income, bilateral relationships, etc. The first econometric analysis uses data on cable routing from 1989 to 2012. Each observation represents at least one cable construction (with its capacity) in a year between two countries. The second investigation considers all the possible combinations of countries in cable routing from 1989 to 2012. Moreover, to offer a complete picture of the infrastructure evolution, the employed configuration of the data accounts also for the possibility of not having a cable routing in a year. In this perspective we can estimate the probability of a cable routing to appear. The last two econometric investigations, take into account the two different layers (2007 and 2012). Therefore each layer represents two different states of the system. Indeed in every layer, the observations represent the existence, or not, of cable connections (with cumulative capacity) between two countries. This allows to estimate the probability to have connections in the particular year. In the other two phases, we perform the multi-layer network analysis. Therefore we compare the network of Submarine Cables database with two other networks. The first comparison, for layer 2007, is done with respect to the network of cargo ship movements that, here, can be considered as a proxy of international trade. Indeed cargo-ship network accounts for up to 90% of the international exchange of goods (Woolley-Meza et al., 2011). This comparison aims to understand if trade relations between two countries are linked to the need of more communication channels. Are trade flows able to influence the development of Telecom infrastructure? Indeed, since cargo movements may have geographical constraint similar to submarine cables, this may evidence which country has a strategic position. The second comparison on layer 2012, instead, employs the air transportation database. The worldwide air transportation network supports the traffic of over three billion passengers travelling between more than 4000 airports on more than 50 million flights in a year (Woolley-Meza et al., 2011). Because, in principle, the air network does not have the geographical constraints of submarine cables and cargo-ships, this network is used to measure those constraints. Indeed, Notwithstanding the wide use of Submarine cables, this characteristic may jeopardize the possibility for some countries to have good and cheap access to the Internet. On the other side, people movements could be correlated with the relative information flows among countries. Therefore this comparison aims to disentangle this two features of the infrastructure. The choice of this two layer years arise from data availability for cargo ship (year 2007) and air transportation (year 2012). Despite the problem of data availability, this two layers are able to capture the maturity of the Submarine Cable System. In conclusion the network of Submarine Cables among countries is characterized by a large heterogeneity and by the presence of persistent inequalities in countries connectivity. These observed characteristics are, therefore, difficult to disentangle using standard econometrics techniques. Our study of the network structure of long distance information flows, carried by the submarine fiber optic cables, offers a first picture about the complexity of global communication flows. The market structure and the infrastructural design, in our view, play a fundamental role in communication patterns. On the other hand, the empirical analysis of its structure among countries may figure out some stylised facts on the global economy. In conclusion, this empirical work points out the need of more attention for what concerns countries accessibility to modern telecommunication systems. Since a reliable and fast access to the internet telecommunication system is necessary for the development of low income countries, their peripheral position in the network may constitute a serious constraint to their chances of a better future.

Cited by 0

Redesigning Transport Layer Architecture for Future Internet

Miao Xue, Fei Song, Feng Qiu et al. · 2011

Current transport layer is facing challenges from both the original design drawbacks and new evolutionary technologies demands. The strict hierarchical layer architecture is restricted and inflexible, which makes the addition and deployment of new features difficult. While new evolutionary technologies, such as multihoming, mobility, ID/Locator split, need the transport layer import new functions urgently. In this paper, we analyze and summarize these challenges and resolve them in RTLA, an experimental Redesigned Transport Layer Architecture. Through splitting the transport service to three sublayers and some cross-layer function blocks, the RTLA is able to extend new features easily. Consequently, the RTLA provides a heuristic overview of a scalable transport service designing based the layered model with cross-layer collaboration.

Cited by 1

Classification of quantum internet security vulnerabilities by layer

Attila Nagy, Takács Márta · 2025

The quantum internet presents unprecedented communication opportunities alongside significant security challenges. This study conducts a layer-based analysis of its vulnerabilities using the classical Confidentiality-Integrity-Availability (CIA) triad as a framework. Security threats are examined across five layers—physical, link, network, transport, and application—highlighting their impact and associated defense mechanisms. This structured approach enables precise mapping of attack surfaces and provides a foundation for designing robust quantum network security solutions.

Cited by 0