Hussein Mazaar, Hesham N. Elmahdy · International Journal of Computer Applications · 2010
This paper presents a proposal for transmitting images using Multiple Description Coding (MDC) techniques over multiple links in a mesh network, while using network coding technique to add protection paths. In pure MDC, the losses of one or two of the multiple descriptions degrade the received image quality. In the proposed technique, the protection paths ensure that all the descriptions are received even when one or two descriptions are lost, but at the expense of additional links and data bandwidth. A comparative evaluation based on simulation and objective quality metrics is presented.
Cited by 5Open access
Philip A. Chou, Helen J. Wang, Venkata N. Padmanabhan · 2003
Multiple description codes address the problem of unreliable channels by means of independent descriptions, while layered codes address the problems of heterogeneous client bandwidths and dynamic network congestion by means of sequences of layers. With the goal of achieving both robustness to unreliable channels and adaptivity to client bandwidth heterogeneity and network congestion, we explore constructions for layered multiple description codes, where base layer descriptions can be transmitted to low bandwidth clients, while both base and enhancement layer descriptions can be transmitted to high bandwidth clients. The low bandwidth client quality is an increasing function of the number of base layer descriptions received, while the high bandwidth client quality is a bivariate increasing function of both the number of base layer descriptions and the number of enhancement-layer descriptions received. By optimizing the base layer descriptions for the low bandwidth client, in our construction, the high bandwidth client pays a penalty of 1.4 dB relative to a non-layered multiple description code optimized to the high bandwidth client.
Cited by 0
Mandyam V. Srinivasan, Rama Chellappa · 2002
Multiple description coding (MDC) is a technique used to obtain two or more (often correlated) descriptions of a source, which are transmitted over different channels to the receiver. These descriptions of the source support two levels of reconstruction quality. When all the descriptions are received and used in the reconstruction, the source can be reconstructed with high fidelity. When only a subset of the descriptions is received, the quality of reconstruction should still be acceptable. In this work, we introduce MDC (with two descriptions) in the context of classification based subband coding. We develop an efficient MDC scheme using multiple description scalar quantizers and present a greedy algorithm to allocate rates and redundancies among the classified subbands.
Cited by 34
Andrey Norkin · 2008
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Ning Wang, Lizhong Peng · International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing · 2011
Multiple description coding is one of the source coding techniques used to alleviate the problems of packet loss in network. The objective is to encode a source into two (or more) bitstreams supporting two quality levels of decoding: A high-quality reconstruction decoded from the two bitstreams together, and two lower ones, but still acceptable, decoded from either of the two bitstreams individually. Most of the earlier works concentrated on the trade-off between redundancy and average side distortion, which is insufficient to evaluate the system performance. In this paper, we discuss the difference in quality between the two side reconstructions, which is defined as the balance eccentric modulus of the coding system. A scenario to design balanced multiple description coding system is presented. Application to the popular first-order autoregressive model yields encouraging results.
Cited by 2
Mehrdad Valipour, Shahram Yousefi · IET Communications · 2015
The use of multiple description (MD) provides a reliable communications solution over packet loss channels; the polar source coding takes advantage of reasonable complexities in both the encoder and decoder sides. In this study, a polar MD coding is introduced for the binary input sequence with Hamming distortion in which the central decoder is aided by a common description from the encoder. The algorithm for code construction is studied. The performance evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed system for MD with polar coding. In addition, the effects of design parameters have been studied.
Cited by 2Open access
Rui Ma, Fabrice Labeau · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · 2008
In the multiple description coding (MDC), the source is decomposed into two or more descriptions, and then transmitted over on/off channels. At the receiver end, each description can be reproduced with acceptable side distortion; reconstructed signals with lower central distortion can be accomplished by exploiting more descriptions. In order to apply the classical MDC over error-prone channels, we propose error-resilient multiple description coding (ERMDC) to utilize the inherent dependency and redundancy between descriptions to combat bit errors. In this paper, we develop a pair of the ERMDC encoder and central decoder based on the multiple description scalar quantizer (MDSQ). After deriving optimal and suboptimal ERMDC decoders, a novel index assignment algorithm is provided for the ERMDC encoder to improve the error detection capability of the ERMDC decoders. Analytical and experimental results show that the ERMDC outperforms the conventional MDSQ encoder-decoder pair, and achieves lower reconstruction distortions than the side distortion within a large range of bit error rates (BERs).
Cited by 22
Muhammad Majid, Charith Abhayaratne · 2009
In this paper a new method for robust image transmission over lossy channels using distributed multiple description coding is presented. We propose an efficient yet a simple method for encoding each description from multiple description scalar quantizer by exploiting the correlation information among descriptions. In this way the correlated information which we call side information can be extracted at the decoder from each description. The motivation to such a type of encoding is to improve the side decoding and to increase the overall robustness of the scheme. Simulation results show that the side distortion is comparable with the central decoding distortion. Performance evaluation of the proposed approach over packet erasure channel shows 0.2-0.7 dB improvement compared to simple multiple description coding that uses non-distributed multiple description scalar quantizer and demonstrates the effectiveness of the scheme over lossy channels.
Cited by 0
A. Vitali · 2008
— a new technology for video streaming over the Internet The Internet is growing quickly as a network of heterogeneous communication networks. The number of users is rapidly expanding and bandwidth-hungry services, such as video streaming, are becoming more and more popular by the day. However, heterogeneity and congestion cause three main problems: unpredictable throughput, losses and delays. The challenge is therefore to provide: (i) quality, even at low bitrates, (ii) reliability, independent of loss patterns and (iii) interactivity (low perceived latency)... to many users simultaneously. In this article, we will discuss various well-known technologies for streaming video over the Internet. We will look at how these technologies partially solve the aforementioned problems. Then, we will present and explain Multiple Description Coding – which offers a very good solution – and how it has been implemented and tested at STMicroelectronics. Packet networks [1][2] Heterogeneity adds up with errors and congestion: backbone and wired links have an increasing capacity while, at the same time, more and more low-bandwidth error-prone wireless devices are being connected. Throughput may become unpredictable. If the transmission rate does not match the capacity of the bottleneck link, some packets must be dropped. The delivery system may provide prioritisation: the most important packets are given a preferential treatment, while the least important packets are dropped first. However, usually networks will drop packets at random. Packet loss probability is not constant; on the contrary, it can be wildly varying, going from very good (no loss) to very bad (transmission outages). This makes the design of the delivery system very difficult. Usually there are two options: � the system can be designed for the worst case; � or it can be made adaptive. If it is designed for the worst case, it will be inefficient every time the channel is better than the worst case, i.e. most of time. Conversely, if it is designed to be adaptive, it will most probably adapt too late.
Cited by 0
Yi Zhang, Yunhe Zhang, Chen Chang et al. · Frontiers in Physics · 2023
Ghost imaging (GI) reveals its exceptional superiority over conventional cameras in a range of challenging scenarios such as weak illumination or special waveband. For high-performance GI, it is vital to obtain a sequence of high-fidelity bucket signals. However, measurements may suffer from distortion or loss in harsh environments. Here we present multiple description coding ghost imaging, which rests on illumination consisting of different coding patterns to address this challenge. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is capable of producing satisfactory image even when the sequence of bucket signals is incomplete or highly distorted. This method provides an encouraging boost for GI in practical applications.
Cited by 1Open access
Canhui Cai, Jing Chen · Lecture notes in computer science · 2005
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LI Jian-xin · 2005
Controposed to single description coding(SDC),multiple description coding(MDC) for image is source coding in which several bit streams(descriptions) of original image are produced such that acceptable quality of the reconstructed image can be obtained from each description.The quality of reconstructed image only depends on the number of descriptions,the more descriptions,the higher quality of reconstructed image is obtained from combining these descriptions.MDC scheme is well suited to the channels which transmission conditions are very poor for image communication without channel coding,especially for networks and wireless channels.In this paper,the theoretical and practical techniques of MDC are exposed,the advances of MDC are described for these years.A MDC scheme of image based on EZW(Embedded Zerotree Wavelet) is presented.The simulation results show that this method is simple and efficient,and implements robust transmission of compressed image considering the compression efficiency.
Cited by 0
Muhammad Majid, Charith Abhayaratne · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · 2008
In this paper a multiple description coding (MDC) that uses more than one multiple description scalar quantizer (MDSQ) is presented. The MDSQ merging constraints for joint decoding of descriptions obtained using side quantizers from different MDSQs are presented. In this way, the bit streams from the side quantizers resulting in significantly different rate-distortion properties are jointly decoded as opposed to that of two bit streams of similar rate-distortion performances obtained using a single MDSQ. Rate distortion performances of joint decoding of different description combinations obtained from multiple MDSQs outperforms those obtained from a single MDSQ. Robustness of the proposed approach evaluated under packet erasure channel is higher than that of the conventional approach. In addition to high robustness, we also demonstrate how this scheme is extended to successive side quantizer bin merging that is used to achieve robust quality scalability within an MDC framework.
Cited by 7
Teodora Petri, Christophe Tillier, Béatrice Pesquet‐Popescu et al. · 2004
Multiple description coding (MDe) is a joint source channel coding technique specifically designed for real-time mul timedia applications over best effort switched packet networks (such as Internet), in order to cope with packet losses due to transmission errors or network congestion. Error resilience of tra nsmitted bitstre ams is thus significantly increased, but this does not solve problems like bitstream adaptation to bandwidth variations or receh'er characteristics, which are in turn addressed b)' scalable coding techniques. In this paper, we present a new method of multiple description coding of scalable video, combining the scalability features with MOe. We propose a redundant motion-compensat ed temporal scheme related to Haar multiresolution analysis. We also present an equivalent lifting implementation leading to simple central and lateral decoders.
Cited by 0
Ashish Jagmohan, A. Sehgal, Narendra Ahuja · 2005
This paper presents a multiple description (MD) video codec based on the principles side-information coding. In particular, we highlight certain key components of the codec design that contribute significantly to the rate-distortion performance of the proposed codec. These include the use of randomized permutations of the quantization codebook in conjunction with binary LDPC codes for partitioning the available bit-rate among the coefficient bit-planes. Another key component of the proposed codec is the use of pdf estimation for improved decoder reconstruction. Lastly, we use a bank of sequential LDPC decoders to efficiently decode the transmitted coset information. Empirical evaluation demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed codec for the communication of encoded video over packet erasure channels.
Cited by 10
Dong Wang, Nishan Canagarajah, D.R. Bull · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · 2006
This paper develops a combined space-time multiple description video coding (ST-MDVC) scheme and corresponding error concealment methods in order to adapt to error prone packet networks, especially for multiple channels. It generates four descriptions, instead of two in most other MDVC schemes, with much lower redundancy than others. The three-loop slice group MDVC approach of [8] is used to achieve spatial description splitting. MDVC is very suitable for multiple channel environments, and especially able to maintain acceptable quality when some of these channels fail completely, i.e. in an on-off MDC environment, without experiencing any drifting problem. Our MDC scheme coupled with the proposed concealment approaches proved to be suitable not only for the on-off MDC environment case (data from one channel fully lost), but also for the case where only some packets are lost from one or more channels. Several steps to achieve high performance concealments are done with the received packets. Results show the promising performance with very low redundancy for both the balanced and unbalanced channel cases. Generating four descriptions make it more adapted to multi-path scenarios.
Cited by 0
Guoqian Sun, Upul Samarawickrama, Jie Liang et al. · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · 2009
A new multiple description coding paradigm is proposed by combining the time-domain lapped transform, block level source splitting, linear prediction, and prediction residual encoding. The method provides effective redundancy control and fully utilizes the source correlation. The joint optimization of all system components and the asymptotic performance analysis are presented. Image coding results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method, especially at low redundancies.
Cited by 35
Manuela Pereira, Marc Antonini, Michel Barlaud · 2003
We consider the problem of efficient real time video transmission over UMTS channels. Such a problem involves good compression rates and effectiveness in presence of channel failures. We propose a balanced MDC scheme for 3D scan-based DWT video coding. This MDC includes an efficient bit allocation procedure that dispatches the source video redundancy between the different channels[1, 2]. We propose to adapt the redundancy between the descriptions according to the channel model and time-varying state (BER). We evaluate the performance of the proposed MDC video coder for two descriptors and present the results obtained for transmission over an UMTS channel. We compare the proposed method to Singular Description Coding (SDC) with a similar codec. 1.
Cited by 0
Ning Wang, Baobin Li, Lizhong Peng · 2010
In this paper, we propose a multiple description image coding scenario based on balanced multiwavelets. Two simple but effective methods to reconstruct the original image from partial descriptions are suggested. Furthermore, optimization criterion corresponding to this multiwavelet based system is provided. Experimental results of the optimized multifilter banks in a simulated transform coding environment show an excellent performance. According to the optimization criterion, we can choose appropriate multiwavelets to satisfy different demands.
Cited by 0
Hezerul Abdul Karim, Aduwati Sali, S. Worral et al. · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · 2009
In this paper, we propose an MDC schemes for stereoscopic 3D video. In the literature, MDC has previously been applied in 2D video but not so much in 3D video. The proposed algorithm enhances the error resilience of the 3D video using the combination of even and odd frame based MDC while retaining good temporal prediction efficiency for video over error-prone networks. Improvements are made to the original even and odd frame MDC scheme by adding a controllable amount of side information to improve frame interpolation at the decoder. The side information is also sent according to the video sequence motion for further improvement. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated in error free and error prone environments especially for wireless channels. Simulation results show improved performance using the proposed MDC at high error rates compared to the single description coding (SDC) and the original even and odd frame MDC.
Cited by 0Open access