Douglas M. Templeton, Michael Schwenk, Reinhild Klein et al. · IUPAC Standards Online · 2016
The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
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Hans-Werner Vohr Professor Dr. · 2006
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2008
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Cíntia Bittar (406933), Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim (406934), Lilian Hiromi Tomonari Yamasaki (406935) et al. · Figshare · 2015
<p>Sites under negative selection for each patient. Measured by ω rates considering p<0.1. Vertical lines link sites negatively selected in more than one patient.</p>
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National Cancer Institute · Definitions · 2020
Ope n Pe e r Re v ie w on Qe ios Ope n Pe e r Re v ie w on Qe ios
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Austin L. Hughes · Dictionary of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology · 2004
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Encyclopedic Dictionary of Genetics, Genomics and Proteomics · 2004
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2008
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Mara Villa (2855789), Michael Lässig (79932) · Figshare · 2017
<p>(a) The cumulative distribution of mean nucleotide distances <i>d</i> between reassortant and parent strains for the HA-NA reassortments in influenza A/H3N2 (red line) is compared to the corresponding distribution of distances for co-circulating strains in the same influenza season (solid blue line) and from the New York area only [<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006685#ppat.1006685.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>] (dashed blue line). (b) The ratio of reassortment counts to background counts in the interval <i>d</i> ≥ <i>d</i><sub>min</sub> (red circles) decreases with increasing lower threshold <i>d</i><sub>min</sub> and drops significantly below 1 (blue line). The suppression of reassortment at larger values of <i>d</i> signals distance-dependent negative selection. Bars show statistical errors due to the finite number of inferred reassortments. (c) The average number of strains in the reassortant clades with nucleotide distance ≤ <i>τ</i> from the focal node, 〈<i>N</i><sub><i>r</i></sub>〉(<i>τ</i>) (red line) is compared to the corresponding average number of strains in the parent clades, 〈<i>N</i><sub>0</sub>〉(<i>τ</i>). For <i>τ</i> ≲ 6, both functions increase with <i>τ</i> in an approximately exponential way; we estimate growth rates <i>f</i><sub><i>r</i></sub> ≈ 0.07 and <i>f</i><sub>0</sub> ≈ 0.5, respectively (dashed lines; cf. <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006685#ppat.1006685.e008" target="_blank">Eq 1</a>). The growth rate difference measures the average fitness cost of reassortment. Bars represent statistical errors due to the finite number of counts (not shown when these errors are smaller than the dot size). See <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006685#ppat.1006685.s003" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a> for an analogous inference based on amino acid distances.</p>
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G. J. V. Nossal · Cell · 1994
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2008
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Pamela S. Ohashi · Current Opinion in Immunology · 2003
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Mark M. Davis · Immunity · 2015
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A. BRETTSCHNEIDER · Kvasny Prumysl · 1957
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Muhammad Rushamir Hakimi Ruslan, Siti'Aisyah Sa'dan, Ummu Fatihah Mohd Bahrin et al. · 2023
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and the most dangerous type. It is curable if detected earlier. The problem occurred when the current diagnosis biopsy method consumed much time and pain. Based on the proposed technique, the image of melanoma will be used. Corresponding features will be extracted based on the asymmetry, border, colour, and diameter (ABCD) rule of dermoscopy with Negative Selection Algorithm to classify melanoma skin cancer and benign mole. The accuracy of the proposed technique is 60%, specificity gained 75%, and sensitivity of 50% was recorded for the algorithm evaluation.
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Mohammad Arshad Imrit · York University Digital Library (York University) · 2020
Eusociality, characterized by cooperative brood care, and reproductive division of labor, evolved independently in insects. The evolution of eusociality has been hypothesized to lead to differences in the extent of both positive and negative selection. While population genomics studies of eusocial insects have so far focused on positive selection, there have been fewer studies on negative selection in social insects, and its relationship to the evolution of caste-biased genes. To address this knowledge gap, our research estimated the extent of negative selection in honey bees, bumblebees, and paper wasps. We show a significant negative correlation between increasing social complexity and negative selection, suggesting effective population size affects the strength of negative selection. We identified a significantly stronger negative selection in queen traits relative to worker traits in honey bees. Lastly, we observe stronger negative selection in drone traits relative to queen traits in honeybees, possible due to the haplodiploidy system.
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Takashi Saito, Norihiko Watanabe · Critical Reviews in Immunology · 1998
T cells differentiate from CD4-CD8- (DN) precursor to mature CD4+ or CD8+ (SP) thymocytes through the CD4+CD8+ (DP) stage. Immature thymocytes express pre-TCR complex composed of pT alpha and TCR beta chains, which plays a role in allelic exclusion of TCR beta and promotion from DN to DP transition. During the DP stage, thymocytes are subjected for selection, either expansion/differentiation into SP cells (positive selection) or deletion (negative selection). The level of TCR signals, which is mainly affected by the avidity between TCR and self-peptide/MHC and the contribution of coreceptors (CD4, CD8), determines the fate of thymocytes. The difference of avidity may result in distinct kinetics when signaling machinery assembles with TCR. As TCR signals increase either by high expression of TCR/coreceptors or higher avidity, the fate of thymocytes changes from default death (no selection) to positive selection and then negative selection. Although signaling pathways to discriminate these selections are largely unknown, ZAP-70 and Lck are important for both processes, whereas calcineurin and MAPK pathway play crucial roles in positive selection. TCR signals also affect the CD4/CD8 lineage commitment. The requirements for the two lineages are different. Differentiation of CD4 SP thymocytes requires stronger TCR signals, while special signals such as Notch-mediated signal are necessary for development of CD8+ cells.
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Jonathan Sprent, Hidehiro Kishimoto · Immunological Reviews · 2002
Maintenance of tolerance to self antigens is presumed to reflect a combination of central and peripheral tolerance. For T cells, central tolerance occurs during early T cell development in the thymus and causes cells with strong reactivity to self antigens to be destroyed in situ (negative selection). Here, we summarize evidence that negative selection can occur in the thymic medulla and affects a population of semimature HSA+ T cells. The influence of costimulatory molecules, Fas and cytokines on negative selection is discussed.
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Hidehiro Kishimoto, Jonathan Sprent · Immunologic Research · 2000
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Transfusion · 1967
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