John Haiman · Language · 1977
A morphological peculiarity of Hua, a language of Papua New Guinea, is that object and possessive pronouns with a certain class of verbal and nominal roots are infixed rather than prefixed. This is shown to result from a combination of two reinterpretations, Watkins' Law and the analytic leap, both identifiable as instances of abductive reasoning. The Hua example is particularly instructive in showing how a change from prefixation to infixation, essentially a morpheme metathesis, could have occurred gradually, and in suggesting a systematic source of counter-examples to the putative universal that the order of morphemes in a word is fixed. The mechanism of reinterpretation can, then, be described ; but functional explanations that have been proposed are only descriptions of tendencies—exceptions to which, though frequent, are unpredictable. The necessary motives of reinterpretation remain unknown.
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Luostarinen, Nina · Figshare · 2021
Figure 10,video 1: The ghost from illustration by Tove Janson of the book “Exploits of Moominpappa” (1950) has turned into a nightmare of too many trees being timbered. (click to see the video) The original reference image can be seen here: https://bit.ly/3xHWP4I
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John Haiman · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · 2015
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Luostarinen, Nina · Figshare · 2021
Figure 10,video 1: The ghost from illustration by Tove Janson of the book “Exploits of Moominpappa” (1950) has turned into a nightmare of too many trees being timbered. (click to see the video) The original reference image can be seen here: https://bit.ly/3xHWP4I
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John Haiman · Language · 1977
REINTERPRETATION John Haiman University ofManitoba A morphological peculiarity ofHua, a language ofPapua New Guinea, is that object and possessive pronouns with a certain class of verbal and nominal roots are infixed rather than prefixed. This is shown to result from a combination of two reinterpretations , Watkins' Law and the analytic leap, both identifiable as instances of abductive reasoning. The Hua example is particularly instructive in showing how a change from prefixation to infixation, essentially a morpheme metathesis, could have occurred gradually, and in suggesting a systematic source of counter-examples to the putative universal that the order of morphemes in a word is fixed. The mechanism of reinterpretation can, then, be described ; but functional explanations that have been proposed are only descriptions of tendencies—exceptions to which, though frequent, are unpredictable. The necessary motives of reinterpretation remain unknown. One morphological peculiarity uniquelydistinguishes Hua fromthecloselyrelated languages surrounding it in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea: the fact that personal-pronoun morphemes with a small class of verbal and nominal roots, rather than being invariably prefixed (and thus following the general rule), are infixed. The origin ofthis anomaly presents a problem in historical reconstruction.1 This article describes the process of reinterpretation whereby the anomaly arose. A 3sg. form, susceptible to more than one analysis by virtue of a null 3sg. marker, provides the basis for visible restructuring of its entire paradigm, in accordance with the proposal of Watkins (1962:178 et passim), known to its adherents as 'Watkins' Law' (cf. Arlotto 1972:156). This mechanism is thus a specific instance of the more general model of reinterpretation outlined in Andersen 1973. The Hua example is also instructive in furnishing a counter-example to the proposed universal (Perlmutter 1971) that the order of morphemes in a word is 1 The Hua language, spoken by about 3,100 people in the immediate vicinity of Lufa station, is identified by Renck 1975 as the westernmost form of Yagaria, a group of closely related dialects belonging to the Kamano subfamily of the East Central family of the Eastern New Guinea Highlands stock (Wurm 1971). Wurm's basis for genetic affiliation is lexicostatistical (542, 552); but he does provide a checklist oftypological features shared by most ofthe members of the stock: the existence of (la) phonemic tone, (lb) consonantal prenasalization, (Ic) dual number, (Id) medial verb forms which occur in two forms depending on whether the subject of the following verb is identical with the subject of the medial, (Ie) an interrogative suffix on verbs; and the absence of (2a) gender distinctions, (2b) prefixes in general (except for the negative marker), and (2c) a distinction between the 2nd and 3rd persons except in the singular. Hua shows all these features, deviating from the norm only in having portmanteau suffixes. Most adult Hua speakers are fluent in one or more of the neighboring languages, particularly Gimi, spoken to the south and southwest (a member of the Gimi-Fore subfamily of the East Central family), and Siane, spoken to the north and the northwest across the Tua river (a member of the Siane-Yabiyufa subfamily of the same East Central family). Previous treatments of Hua (Haiman 1972, 1975, 1976a,b) are based on fieldwork undertaken overa period offouryears, 1971-75, supported by a series ofgrants from the Australian Research Grants Council. A preliminary version of §§1-2 of the present paper was read at the LSA Winter Meeting in 1975. 1 am grateful to my audience at that meeting, and to Harold Koch and Arnold Zwicky for a number of improvements. 312 REINTERPRETATION313 fixed. A similar counter-example in Turkish suggests that the mechanism by which such anomalies arise may be a systematic source of such counter-examples. The simplicity and plausibility of the Watkins-Andersen model of reinterpretation is not in question. Nevertheless, it should be noted that an explanation for any change ideally should demonstrate not only its mechanics—how it was possible—but also its motivation : why it was necessary. When the latter is missing, we are in possession of laws which account for the direction of a change 'une fois qu'il pleut' (cf. Kurylowicz 1949), but none accounting for the change itself...
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Tobias-Alexander Herrmann · Slavolinguistica · 2024
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David Liebesman, Ofra Magidor · 2025
Abstract This chapter discusses Reinterpretation approaches to copredication. On such approaches, at least one of the predicates in copredication sentences has a non-standard interpretation. For example, if ‘is delicious’ is interpreted in context as meaning ‘involves some delicious food’, then the copredication sentence ‘Lunch was delicious but took hours’ would require that the lunch event took hours and involved some delicious food. Despite being attractive in a number of ways, it is argued that such approaches fail to account for the full range of copredication sentences.
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Alina Poulain · Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens Kew)
This is my interpretation of the song Only by Nine Inch Nails. Photoshop + Photo Booth + Free Time + IMovie + Typography
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Thomas J. White · Radiology · 1999
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Tadeusz Filek · Homo Politicus (Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz) · 2014
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Ariel Cohen · 2020
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Sundem, Cathrine Tønseth · Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo) · 2023
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Jacek Filek · Peter Lang Verlag eBooks · 2023
Der Autor untersucht verschiedene Antworten auf die grundlegende existentiell-ethische Frage, wie man über sein eigenes Leben bestimmen soll. Dabei werden drei grundlegende Denkparadigmen betrachtet. Im aristotelischen Paradigma steht die Wahrheit als grundlegendes Kriterium im Vordergrund, und es geht darum, im Einklang mit einem angenommenen Maßstab zu leben. Im cartesianischen Paradigma hingegen, das eher subjektbezogen ist, ist Freiheit das zentrale Kriterium. Hier geht es darum, das Leben als vollkommen eigenes Unternehmen zu betrachten. Im Subjekt-Subjekt-Paradigma, das dialogorientiert ist, wird Verantwortung als grundlegendes Kriterium angesehen.
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Satter, Lisa M. · Insecta mundi · 2007
Throughout many areas of the country, buildings are beginning to fall into disrepair and abandonment. Due to changing technologies, requirements, and adjacencies, these buildings are being demolished and replaced with new structures. Previously, much of the effect of abandonment was only felt in cities large enough to accommodate warehouses or industrial buildings. However, more recently smaller communities have begun to reach the same problems of empty buildings falling into disrepair. Schools are especially at risk of this fate. Various issues can cause these schools to become abandoned, including a lack of space for increased numbers of students, a lowering enrollment number, or inadequate facilities in terms of repair or code requirements. Students and teachers now require more space, efficient and accessible circulation, adjacent green areas for activity, and integration of the newest technologies in order to best create an environment that promotes both teaching and learning. While the abandonment of schools within a community can leave the building itself in disrepair, the overall effect on the neighborhood and community can be quite severe. Schools, along with other institutional structures, carry social implications for the community as a whole. They are an architectural piece of the neighborhood that physically and socially ties areas together through events and education. In Madison, South Dakota, one such case of discarding old schools for new structures is currently underway. In the fall of 2006, a brand new elementary school will open on the edge of the 7000 person town, consolidating grades K-5 in one structure. Two different elementary schools in various neighborhoods around town will be left behind. The outcome of this consolidation is somewhat predictable, considering the characteristics of the small town. Madison is home to 7000 people, including growing families, college students, and an elderly population. As you drive into town, you notice the new Lewis Drug, Montgomery’s Furniture, and Prostrollo’s Auto Mall, all recently developed along with many other small businesses on the edge of town. Downtown, these new developments take their toll as counted by the ever-changing stores and empty windows that can’t seem to stay in business. The ones who could already moved their establishments to the outskirts by the “big-box stores.” A few consistent businesses, including banks, hair salons, clothing stores, and flower shops establish downtown for the town. Further into town, Dakota State University’s campus integrates itself with surrounding neighborhoods. The campus encompasses about six square blocks, making accessibility easy for its students. One would never know that this is one of the most technologically driven schools in the country based solely on aesthetics. On the other edge of town are the middle school, high school, and construction on the new elementary school. Around these areas, new middle to upper-class neighborhoods have sprouted up, creating a sea of typical suburban homes. The pace of the city can be summed up by its one stoplight, unless it happens to be game night at the high school or college. Community values and pride prosper, creating an environment that values heritage and history, as well as growth and progress. Unfortunately, due to the trend of the downtown district, citizen’s attempts to try to revitalize more voids in their community may prove difficult. My proposal is an adaptive reuse plan that seeks to assist the community in reusing and reinterpreting these left behind school buildings and sites, creating infill for voids in the town and individual neighborhoods. My intentions will be focused primarily on one school, Washington Elementary, whose location near Dakota State University’s campus provides an ideal opportunity for program. DSU is a pinnacle part of Madison’s community, stretching its academic and technological influence from partnerships with high school athletics and a community health center, to the town’s slogan, “In Touch With the World.” DSU is known for its educational focus on technology, offering many majors specific to that area. Currently, graduate programs are available at the university, but no housing or specific areas have been dedicated to those students. Washington Elementary, which is blocks from campus, provides an opportunity for DSU to expand its campus and facilities to accommodate and recruit more students. In thinking about adaptive reuse not just in terms of the building itself, but also as one part of the community or surrounding neighborhood, DSU’s involvement and inclusion of additional program will aid in filling what would be a dead space in the middle of a thriving neighborhood. Understandably, the process by which Washington Elementary is filled will be inherently different from other sites, even in the same town. However, I am proposing a prototypical quality to this process, not in terms of the programming of the buildings or aesthetic quality of the outcome, but simply regarding the examination of voids in communities and the process of creating space in order to benefit the area. Documentation of concerns, findings, interviews, diagrams, mappings, and readings will provide a starting point for the process to be repeated in a different situation. While giving program to empty buildings creates a use for an area, it more importantly activates a space, giving back its previous life so it fits seamlessly with its context rather than serving as a break in the continuity of a neighborhood. In approaching the methodology of this project, work will begin from the outside – in. First, the understanding of what makes a void in a community and what effects it has will be researched and documented, focusing on the abandoned schools in Madison. These particular characteristics could then be compared to precedents and options of reactivating the spaces explored. After defining the contextual issues, the project will focus on Washington Elementary and its immediate neighborhood. The applied program will include graduate housing, along with other needs deemed fitting. Investigation into the particular needs and objectives of both DSU and future tenants will refine the program. In the design phase, the building will be studied in its current stage in terms of structure, code compliance, and overall repair. Here, the ideals and persona of the client as a technologically advanced institution will be explored, along with the image they wish to project. In addition, when thinking about the lifespan the building up through my iteration, the issue arises of building for re-adaptation. Architects build their structures with the intention they will last forever, when in reality, that condition is rare. Although building for endurance is important, the pace and trends of our recent society suggest that architects could start to build according to deconstruction and reuse rather than demolition and waste. In that same respect, reuse could also be incorporated in terms of materiality, either using pieces of the existing school or purchasing used materials. Also during this phase, site planning and outdoor spaces will be planned and designed so as to create a connection with the surroundings. While voids in communities are everywhere, affecting both large cities and small towns, architecture can become a response, seeking to reactivate these spaces with program, event, and character. Just as abandoned buildings were once active and necessary elements of a neighborhood, expressing the community’s values and livelihood, they can again be adapted and interpreted as integral components of an area.
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Anthony Kulic · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · 2007
Reference is the relation held to obtain between an expression and what a speaker or thinker intends the expression to represent. Reference is a component of interpretation, the process of giving terms, sentences, and thoughts semantic content. An example of reference in a formal context involves the natural numbers, where each one can be taken to have a corresponding set-theoretic counterpart as its referent. In an informal context reference is exemplified by the relation between a name and the specific name-bearer when a speaker or thinker utters or has the name in mind. Recent debates over reference have concerned the mechanism of reference: How is it that we can refer? In informal contexts, externalists see the reference relation as explicable in terms of the salient causal relations involved in the naming of a thing, or a class of things, and the ensuing causal chains leading to a term’s use. Opponents of this view—internalists—see the reference relation as being conceptually direct, and they take the external approach to rely on untenable metaphysical assumptions about the world’s structure. Moreover, some internalists take the permutability—i.e. the consistent reinterpretation—of certain referential schemes to confound the externalist picture of reference. In this thesis I focus on the reference of theoretical terms in science, and I argue for an externalist treatment of natural kinds and other theoretical elements. Along the way I offer a defense of the externalist’s pre-theoretic metaphysical assumptions and emphasize their central role in the interpretation of scientific languages. The externalist approach acknowledges the necessary constraints on reference-fixing that account for the schemes we employ, and this, I argue, confounds the permutation strategy.
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Erik Denters · 1996
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CUHK Digital Repository (Chinese University of Hong Kong) · 2010
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Kelsey Jackson Williams · Erudition and the Republic of Letters · 2016
Antiquarianism, the early modern study of the past, occupies a central role in modern studies of humanist and post-humanist scholarship. Its relationship to modern disciplines such as archaeology is widely acknowledged, and at least some antiquaries—such as John Aubrey, William Camden, and William Dugdale—are well-known to Anglophone historians. But what was antiquarianism and how can twenty-first century scholars begin to make sense of it? To answer these questions, the article begins with a survey of recent scholarship, outlining how our understanding of antiquarianism has developed since the ground-breaking work of Arnaldo Momigliano in the mid-twentieth century. It then explores the definition and scope of antiquarian practice through close attention to contemporaneous accounts and actors’ categories before turning to three case-studies of antiquaries in Denmark, Scotland, and England. By way of conclusion, it develops a series of propositions for reassessing our understanding of antiquarianism. It reaffirms antiquarianism’s central role in the learned culture of the early modern world and offers suggestions for avenues which might be taken in future research on the discipline.
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Michael Leddy · Critical Inquiry · 1986
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Daria Kutcaeva · 2019
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