K., Prasad, Abstract, B. Sadasivaiah · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2023
Key to species of Heterostemma sect. Oianthus in India 1. Corolla discoid or depressed globose or vertically compressed globose ......................... 2 1. Corolla urceolate or tubular ............................ 4 2. Corona lobes with inner appendages ................ ...................................................... H. vasudevanii 2. Corona lobes without inner appendages........ 3 3. Leaves ovate or broadly or narrowly ovate-lanceolate or ovate-cordate; corolla hairy inside................................................ H. beddomei 3. Leaves elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong; corolla glabrous ........................................ H. disciflorum 4. Corolla tubular or rarely ovoid-urceolate; corona lobes rounded at apex........ H. deccanense 4. Corolla perfectly urceolate; corona lobes 3-toothed at apex......................... H. urceolatum
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Bueno, Vinicius R., Gostel, Morgan R., Heiden, Gustavo · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2023
1. Neurolaena sect. Neurolaena. Type species:— Neurolaena lobata (Linnaeus 1753: 862) Cassini (1825: 502) (Figs. 1, 2, 3; Tab. 2). Diagnosis: —Species with the ratio of paleae-disc corollas length greater than 1. Geographic distribution: —From Mexico through Central America to South America in the Guyanas and the Andes, from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Venezuela, and in the Caribbean Islands: American Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saba, Santa Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands (Figs. 1, 2, 3).
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Yang, Kun L., Lin, Jia Y., Li, Guang-Mei et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2025
(1) Scleroderma sect. Scleroderma ≡ Scleroderma sect. Aculeatispora Guzmán, Ciencia (México) 25: 198 (1967) Type species:— Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers., Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (Göttingen) 1: 154 (1801) Description:— Basidiomata usually small, less than 50 mm in diameter, sessile to stipitate, subglobose to tuberiform. Peridium usually leathery, less than 1 mm in thickness, turning reddish, purplish to brownish after damaged, with thin, flaky squamules. Gleba usually compact at first, becoming pulverulent. Basal rhizomorphs usually moderately abundant to abundant, whitish. Basidiospores usually globose, thick-walled, with echinulate to subreticulate ornamentation, brownish to purplish. Basidia usually clavate. Gleba trama usually composed of nearly colorless hyphae. Clamp connections usually absent. Notes:— Most of those Scleroderma species having been known as poisonous are currently recognized in this section (Figs. 1 & 2; see section Discussion for details).
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J. Dong, Kai-Wen Jiang, A. Biao et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2025
Key to Chinese species of Dalbergia sect. Dalbergia The type species of the genus Dalbergia, D. lanceolaria L. f., and its allies comprise section Dalbergia. This section was previously known as section Dalbergaria Prain (1905 [1904]: 85). However, according to Art. 22.2 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN; Madrid Code, Turland et al. 2025), a name of a subdivision of a genus that includes the type of the adopted, legitimate name of the genus is not validly published unless its epithet repeats the generic name unaltered. Therefore, the sectional name Dalbergaria was not validly published and should not be used; instead, the autonym sect. Dalbergia should be adopted. This section, based on the treatments by Prain (1905 [1904]) and Thothathri (1987), as well as the species key by Li (2017), comprises ca. 16 species distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, and has been supported as a monophyletic clade in phylogenetic studies 1,2 (Vatanparast et al. 2013, Sotuyo et al. 2022). Members of this section are characterized by their stamens in 5+5 diadelphous arrangement [except D. polyadelpha Prain (1905 [1904]: 84), stamens irregularly separated to incompletely 3–5-adelphous on upper part] and coriaceous pods. Currently, nine species of this section are known from China. A key to these species (mainly based on fruiting specimens) is provided below. 1. Climbers or scandent shrubs...............................................................................................................................................................2 -. Generally erect trees ...........................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Leaflets 15–25; panicle generally shorter than its subtending leaf; pods strongly thickened and spongy around seeds..................... ................................................................................................................................................... D. stipulacea Roxburgh (1832: 233) -. Leaflets 9–13; panicle generally longer than its subtending leaf; pods not thickened around seeds as above .................................... ............................................................................................................................................ D. volubilis Roxburgh (1798 [1805]: 48) 3. Leaflets acute to acuminate at apex....................................................................................................................................................4 -. Leaflets rounded, obtuse to retuse at apex..........................................................................................................................................5 4. Pods glabrous except for short stipe............................................................................................................................ D. polyadelpha -. Pods brown puberulent.................................................................................................... D. hainanensis Merrill & Chun (1934: 32) 5. Pods not reticulate opposite seeds ........................................................................................................................................ D. oliveri -. Pods ± reticulate opposite seeds .........................................................................................................................................................6 6. Pods inconspicuously reticulate opposite seeds .................................................................................................................................7 -. Pods obviously reticulate opposite seeds ...........................................................................................................................................8 7. Pods obviously thickened and raised around seeds....................................................................................................... D. nigrescens -. Pods not or slightly thickened and raised around seeds ................................................................................................... D. assamica 8. Leaflets 7– 113; mature seeds firmly attached to the inner wall of the pod’s seed chamber .................. D. hupeana Hance (1882: 5) -. Leaflets (7–)9–19; mature seeds separate from the inner surface of the pod’s seed chamber ..................................... D. lanceolaria Notes: — 1 Phylogenetic analyses by Vatanparast et al. (2013) and Sotuyo et al. (2022) did not place Dalbergia sericea within the Dalbergia sect. Dalbergia clade. Upon examining the voucher specimen (BANGLADESH. Chittagong, 25 April 1994, A. M. Huq & M. K. Mia 10336 [L]) used in their studies, we found it to be a misidentification. This specimen likely represents a species closely related to Dalbergia velutina Bentham (in Miquel 1852: 255), characterized by membranous pods containing elongate seeds. 2 Notably, phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genomes by Rather et al. (2025) placed D. obtusifolia Prain (1901 [1902]: 42) and D. mimosoides Franchet (1889: 187) within the Dalbergia sect. Dalbergia clade. However, this result may be based on misidentification of voucher specimens (vouchers not traced by the current authors) and conflicts with both morphological data (see Li 2017) and our unpublished molecular phylogenetic data. Therefore, their results are not recognized here. 3 Li (2017), in his key to species and species descriptions, stated the leaflet number of Dalbergia hupeana as 3–5. This should be corrected to 3–5-paired leaflets.
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Goldblatt, P., Manning, J. C., van Wyk, P. C. V. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2015
3.4. Key to species of Hesperantha sect. Hesperantha [adapted from Goldblatt (2003)] Corms triangular to bell-shaped in outline, with a horizontal or oblique flat base; outer floral bract margins free to the base (sect. Hesperantha) 1a Plants acaulescent or almost so with aerial part of stem enclosed by leaf sheaths: 2a Flowers white with purple marking at bases of outer tepals… Hesperantha luticola Goldblatt 2b Flowers deep pink to red-purple… Hesperantha latifolia (Klatt) M.P.de Vos 1b Plants with conspicuous aerial stem: 3a Style dividing at or below middle of perianth tube; style branches and sometimes anthers partly or completely included in perianth tube: 4a Flowers 20–25 mm diam. with tepals 10–12 mm long; stamens and style branches fully included in perianth tube… Hesperantha cedarmontana Goldblatt 4b Flowers ± 18 mm diam. with tepals 9–10 mm long; anthers exserted but style branches reaching only to mouth of tube… Hesperantha saldanhae Goldblatt 3b Style dividing at or just below mouth of perianth tube; anthers and style branches fully exserted and filaments usually at least partly exserted from perianth tube: 5a Flowers small, erect or inclined on straight spike; perianth tube slightly curved, 4–6 mm long; tepals 4–7 mm long; leaves either plane and sometimes with crisped margins, or terete to ovoid in cross section and hollow; seeds with sharp angles (minute wings) and seed coat with whitish spongy cells… Hesperantha spicata (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. 5b Flowers small to large, upright on straight or flexuose spike; perianth tube straight, (5–) 7–14 mm long; tepals 6–18 mm long; leaves plane with straight margins; seeds globose or sides lightly flattened by pressure, seed coat dark brown: 6a Corm base usually with prominent radiating spines or teeth on margins; flowers diurnal, closing in late afternoon; perianth pink to red-purple (rarely yellow, in one morph of H. pauci fl ora): 7a Perianth tube 6–11 mm long; tepals 18–25 mm long, at least twice as long as tube; plants of Namaqualand and Bokkeveld Mtns in South Africa … H. pauci fl ora G.J. Lewis 7b Perianth tube 20–25 mm long; tepals ± 10 mm long, ±half as long as tube; plants of SW Namibia … Hesperantha longistyla Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 6b Corm base with small teeth on margins or scarcely serrated and usually without prominent spines; flowers diurnal or crepuscular, opening in late afternoon or after sunset; perianth white, cream or yellow: 8a Plants without cauline leaves; perianth tube 12–16 mm long; tepals 6–10 mm long, always shorter than tube; flowers pale, watery yellow… Hesperantha suf fl ava Goldblatt 8b Plants with 1 or 2 sub-basal or cauline, largely sheathing leaves; perianth tube 5–14 mm long; tepals (9–) 12–18 mm long, usually longer than tube; flowers white, cream or yellow: 9a Plants with 2 basal foliage leaves: 10a Basal leaves usually prostrate, semi-succulent, 4–5 mm wide; filaments <1 mm long; style branches ascending, ± 2.5 mm long… Hesperantha laxifolia Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 10b Basal leaves ± falcate, 2–6 mm wide, not noticeably succulent; filaments ± 3 mm long; style branches spreading, ± 12 mm long… H. eremophila Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 9b Plants with 3 or more basal foliage leaves: 11a Tepals uniformly white on both sides, ascending and cupped when fully open; perianth tube 12–14 mm long, ± as long as tepals; leaves falcate to trailing… Hesperantha dolomitica Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 11b Outer or all tepals flushed red to brown on reverse, spreading horizontally when fully open; perianth tube 4–12 mm long, shorter than tepals; leaves suberect to falcate: 12a Leaves narrow, 1–2 mm wide; perianth tube 10–12 mm; plants of shallow soils on sandstone pavement… Hesperantha lithicola Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 12b Leaves broader, 4–8 mm wide; perianth tube 4–9 mm long; plants of deeper sandy or clay soils… H. falcata (L.f.) Ker Gawl.
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Kljuykov, Eugene V., Zakharova, Ekaterina A., Degtjareva, Galina V. et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2023
1. Elwendia sect. Elwendia. Type:— Elwendia caroides Boissier (1844: 140). Description:—Polycarpic herbs; stems solid; leaf rachis and petiolules not refracted; stem leaf sheaths not inflated; upper stem leaves pinnate with straight rachis; umbels corymbose or hemispherical, without involucre; bracteoles present; pedicels during fructification thick; fruits hardly or rarely easily separated into mericarps; dorsal mericarp ribs keeled; marginal mericarp ribs winged or not winged; mericarps with a beak under stylopodia (Fig. 2A); styles recurved or erect; commissure broad, exocarp terminates near edges of marginal ribs (Fig. 3A); mesocarp in marginal ribs consists of non-lignified parenchyma cells or lignified parenchyma cells with pitted walls; vallecular vittae solitary, 2–3 per furrow or numerous; endosperm on commissural side flat; 2n = 12, 13, 22. Note:—The delimitation of the section follows the original sectional concept of Kljuykov (1988). The diagnostic feature of this section is a presence of the beak under stylopodia (Fig. 2A), which is distinct from other Elwendia species.
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Zarrei, Mehdi, Wilkin, Paul, Ingrouille, Martin J. et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2011
Gagea sect. Gagea Peterson et al. (2008) mentioned c. 56 species in this section, which was well supported in the analyses conducted by Peterson et al. (2008) and is in clade B in analyses conducted by Zarrei et al. (2009; Figure 2). Although only one species of this section, G. lutea, was included in the pollen study of Zarrei & Zarre (2005) and anatomical analyses, it has distinctive characteristics. Members of the section are distributed in humid areas, particularly in Europe. The umbellate inflorescence and leathery bulb tunic are the main putative morphological synapomorphies of G. sect. Gagea, which we recognise here.
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Reginato, Marcelo · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2016
Key to the species of Leandra sect. Leandra 1. Inflorescences predominantly axillary................................................................................................................................... 2 - Inflorescences predominantly terminal.................................................................................................................................. 6 2. Leaves apparently glabrous, inflorescences lax and long pedunculate, petals with apex rounded or slightly truncate.......... ............................................................................................................................................................................ L. capilliflora - Leaves with conspicuous indumentum (unbranched eglandular trichomes), inflorescences glomerulate, sessile or short pedunculate or solitary flowers, petals with apex acute and/or acuminate............................................................................ 3 3. External calyx teeth (6) 7–10 mm long, non-involucral bracteoles ................................................................ L. loligomorpha - External calyx teeth less than 5 mm long, involucral bracteoles (reduced in L. angustifolia, only partially covering the hypanthia)............................................................................................................................................................................... 4 4. Branches and petioles with trichomes 3–8 mm long, leaf blades elliptic to obovate, style straight and surrounded by the stamens at anthesis .............................................................................................................................................. L. cogniauxii - Branches with trichomes less than 4 mm long, leaf blades predominantly lanceolate, style sigmoid and opposite of the stamens at anthesis...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Leaves with trichomes 2.5–4 mm long; bracteoles 7–9 mm long ........................................................................... L. capitata - Leaves with trichomes smaller than 2 mm long; bracteoles 2.5–5.5 mm long ................................................. L. angustifolia 6. Inflorescences formed by one glomerule (up to 3 flowers) or a solitary flower ..................................................... L. triantha - Inflorescences with more than 3 flowers............................................................................................................................... 7 7. Leaf bases amplexicaulous ............................................................................................................................. L. amplexicaulis - Leaf bases not amplexicaulous............................................................................................................................................... 8 8. Leaves with glandular trichomes (this feature makes the plants viscous when living)......................................................... 9 - Leaves without glandular trichomes (plants not viscous when living)................................................................................ 10 9. Larger stamen filaments 7–8 mm long, larger anthers 5–9 mm long, connective produced below the anther (0.8–1.5 mm) and appendaged .................................................................................................................................................... L. umbellata - Larger stamen filaments ca. 4 mm long, larger anthers ca. 3 mm long, connective not produced below the anther and unappendaged ...................................................................................................................................................................... L. lapae 10. Bracteoles persistent during flowering and fruiting, involucral, anthers pink......................................................................11 - Bracteoles early caducous, not forming a tight involucre (partially or non-involucral), anthers usually white (pink in L. aspera and L. therezopolitana)............................................................................................................................................. 14 11. Leaves with 7 acrodromous nerves (including 5+2)............................................................................................................ 12 - Leaves with 5 or fewer acrodromous nerves........................................................................................................................ 13 12. Leaf blades predominantly elliptic, base decurrent or cuneate, seldom obtuse ........................................................ L. sericea - Leaf blades predominantly ovate, base rounded .......................................................................................................... L. ulaei 13. Branches with trichomes 1.5–4 mm long, petioles (0.2)0.5–1(1.5) cm long, larger stamens with anthers 5.5–7.5 mm long, fruits 10–13 × 7.5–9 cm ..................................................................................................................................... L. glazioviana - Branches with trichomes 0.4–2 mm, petioles 0.2–3 cm long, larger stamens with anthers 3.4–4.5 mm long, fruits 5–10 × 4–6 cm .......................................................................................................................................................... L. melastomoides 14. Leaves basally nerved ............................................................................................................................................... L. aspera - Leaves plinerved.................................................................................................................................................................. 15
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Bueno, Vinicius R., Gostel, Morgan R., Heiden, Gustavo · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2022
Key to the species of Calea sect. Calea from Brasil 1. Capitula radiate..................................................................................................................................................................................2. - Capitula discoid .................................................................................................................................................................................6. 2. Capitulum solitary or capitula arranged in pairs ...............................................................................................................................3. - Capitula arranged in capitulescences with three or more capitula ....................................................................................................4. 3. Involucre 3-seriate, 7.5–10 mm long, receptacle epaleaceous; ray florets 5–7, disc florets ca. 15; pappus scales 0.8 mm long ........ .......................................................................................................................................................................................... C. caleoides - Involucre 6-seriate, 12.2–12.7 mm long, receptacle holopaleaceous; ray florets 8–10, disc florets 30–40; pappus scales 1.1–4.3 mm long..................................................................................................................................................................................... C. repanda 4. Ray florets 11–12; pappus scales ca. 15 ........................................................................................................................ C. lucidivenia - Ray florets 2–10; pappus scales 25–43 .............................................................................................................................................5. 5. Leaf margins pinnatifid; capitula sparsely arranged...................................................................................................... C. pinnatifida - Leaf margins serrate; capitula densely arranged ................................................................................................................. C. serrata 6. Phyllaries foliaceous, longer than the involucre................................................................................................................................7. - Phyllaries foliaceous, of the same length or shorter than the involucre............................................................................................8. 7. Ray florets 12–25 .................................................................................................................................................................... C. lutea - Ray florets 4–5 .................................................................................................................................................................. C. papposa 8. Receptacle epaleaceous ............................................................................................................................................... C. gentianoides - Receptacle oligopaleaceous or holopaleaceous.................................................................................................................................9. 9. Involucre 4-seriate; pappus scales 1.9–2.3 mm long........................................................................................................ C. divergens - Involucre 5–8-seriate; pappus scales 2.7–5.5 mm long...................................................................................................................10. 10. Involucre 5-seriate...........................................................................................................................................................................11. - Involucre 7–8-seriate .......................................................................................................................................................................12. 11. Involucre 3.5–5.2 mm long; receptacle oligopaleaceous, paleae 2–4; disc florets 7–9; cypselae 2.7–3 mm long .............................. ................................................................................................................................................................................. C. diamantinensis - Involucre 6.7–8.4 mm long; receptacle holopaleaceous, paleae 20–30; disc florets 20–30; cypselae 2–2.5 mm long ....................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................... C. oliveri 12. Leaf blade glabrous; pappus scales 15 ............................................................................................................................ C. abelioides - Leaf blade pilose; pappus scales 16–25...........................................................................................................................................13. 13. Petiole 0.5–1.5 mm long, leaf surface abaxially pubescent ......................................................................................... C. solidaginea - Petiole 3–7 mm long, leaf surface abaxially tomentose............................................................................................... C. lantanoides
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Bueno, Vinicius R., Gostel, Morgan R., Heiden, Gustavo · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2023
1. Neurolaena sect. Neurolaena. Type species:— Neurolaena lobata (Linnaeus 1753: 862) Cassini (1825: 502) (Figs. 1, 2, 3; Tab. 2). Diagnosis: —Species with the ratio of paleae-disc corollas length greater than 1. Geographic distribution: —From Mexico through Central America to South America in the Guyanas and the Andes, from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Venezuela, and in the Caribbean Islands: American Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saba, Santa Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands (Figs. 1, 2, 3).
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Brullo, Cristian, Brullo, Salvatore, Galdo, Gianpietro Giusso Del et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2013
Key to the species of Brassica sect. Brassica 1 Leaves glabrous or subglabrous.................................................................................................................................... 2 - Leaves more or less densely hairy............................................................................................................................. 15 2 Petals white or whitish (rarely pink)............................................................................................................................. 3 - Petals yellow to white-yellowish................................................................................................................................. 6 3 Leaves glaucous; petals white to pink; anthers 5-6 mm; fruit corpus cylindrical, smooth-reticulate 68(−10) mm wide .................................................................................................................................................................... B. hilarionis - Leaves green; petals always white, anthers 2.5−4.5 mm; fruit corpus linear-cylindrical, torulose 3−6 mm wide...... 4 4 Leaf petiole naked; petals 14−20 mm long; seed 2.5−3.5 mm in diameter ................................................. B. insularis - Leaf petiole winged or auriculate; petals 20−28 mm long; seed 1.5−2.4 mm in diameter.......................................... 5 5 Stem 80−150 cm high; leaf petiole winged; petals 8−10 mm wide; stamens exerted 1−3 mm from corolla disc; rostrum 5−14 mm long, 0−1 seeded .............................................................................................. B. cretica subsp. cretica - Stem 30−80 cm high; leaf petiole not winged; petals 10−14 mm wide; stamens exerted 5−8 mm from corolla disc; rostrum 15−25 mm long, 1−3 seeded. ......................................................................................................... B. atlantica 6 Leaves with side veins anastomosing; petals yellow-whitish or light yellow............................................................... 7 - Leaves with side veins reaching the margin teeth; Petals deep yellow...................................................................... 11 7 Leaves glaucous-greyish............................................................................................................................................... 8 - Leaves green................................................................................................................................................................. 9 8 Leaves 15−20 cm long, undivided, with petiole 1−5 cm long; fruit torulose, with 11−14 seeds .............. B. bourgeaui - Leaves 20−45 cm long, lobate, with petiole 5−20 cm long; fruit smooth, with 15−40 seeds........................................ ............................................................................................................................................ B. oleracea subsp. oleracea 9 Leaf petiole without wings or auricles; fruit with inconspicuous midrib .................................................... B. montana - Leaf petiole partially winged or auriculate; fruit with marked midrib....................................................................... 10 10 At least the first leaves long-petiolate, never auriculate; leaf lamina with minutely crenate-serrate margin; petals whitish-yellow ........................................................................................................................ B. cretica subsp. laconica - All leaves short petiolate to sessile, often auriculate; leaf lamina with entire to inconspicuous dentate margin; petals light yellow .............................................................................................................................. B. cretica subsp. aegaea 11 Fruit cylindrical navicular, 8−12 mm wide, with valves thickened-spongy, without midrib and rostrum widely conic, 10−20 mm, 1−2-seeded ................................................................................................................. B. macrocarpa - Fruit linear-cylindrical, 3−7 mm wide, with valves thin, dorsally ribbed, and rostrum subulate to narrowly conic, 4− 12 mm, seedless.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 12 Stem usually 35−45 cm high; leaf without basal lobes; fruit corpus up to 9 cm long ................................. B. tyrrhena - Stem(60−) 80150 cm high; leaf with 1-3 basal lobes, fruit corpus max. 7 cm long.................................................. 13 13 Petals pale yellow, 14−20 × 5−8 mm; fruit 35−45 × 6−7.5 mm ....................................... B. villosa subsp. brevisiliqua - Petal yellow, 18−27 × 713 mm; fruit 35−70 × 3−4.5 mm......................................................................................... 14 14 Leaves green, glabrous; leaf lamina ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, deeply incised, loosely dentate at margin; fruit valves lightly ribbed ........................................................................................................... B. rupestris subsp. rupestris - Leaves glaucescent, covered by hispid hairs; leaf lamina ovate-elliptical, obtuse at apex, lobate, minutely dentate at margin; fruit valves prominently ribbed .............................................................................. B. rupestris subsp. hispida 15 Ovary hairy; fruit corpus hairy, subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, thickened, spongy, 8−18 × 8−11 mm...................... ................................................................................................................................................................. B. trichocarpa - Ovary glabrous; fruit corpus glabrous, linear-cylindrical, torulose, thin, 25−100 × 36.5 mm................................... 16 16 Leaf petiole not auriculate on foot.............................................................................................................................. 17 - Leaf petiole auriculate on foot.................................................................................................................................... 20 17 Leaf lyrate, crispate denticulate at margin, with petiole evidently winged; fruit 5−6.5 mm wide ......... B. drepanensis - Leaf lobed, irregularly dentate at margin, with petiole not winged; fruit 3−4.5 mm wide........................................ 18 18 Leaf minutely dentate; fruit corpus laterally flattened, 25−30 mm long ...................................... B. villosa subsp. tinei - Leaf broadly dentate; fruit corpus never laterally flattened, 30−75 mm long........................................................... 19 19 Leaf margin crenate-dentate; sepals 12−15 mm long; petal 24−26 mm long; fruit 4−4.5 mm wide, dorsally ribbed... .................................................................................................................................................. B. villosa subsp. villosa - Leaf margin irregularly dentate; sepals 8−11 mm long; petal 16−22 mm long; fruit 3.5−3.8 mm wide, dorsally not ribbed .................................................................................................................................. B. villosa subsp. bivoniana 20 Fruiting pedicels 15−25 mm long; petal light yellow............................................................... B. incana subsp. cazzae - Fruiting pedicels 25−35 mm long; petal deep yellow................................................................................................ 21 21 Leaves green-greyish, rounded; fruit 6−10 cm long, usually without midrib; rostrum widely conic........................... ................................................................................................................................................... B.incana subsp. incana - Leaves glaucous, obtuse; fruit 3.5−6 cm long, with midrib; subulate or subulate conic............................................ 22 22 Fruit tetragonal, (3.5−) 4−6 cm long, 3−4 mm wide; rostrum 5−8 mm long, subulate ............ B. botterii subsp. mollis - Fruitflattened, 3−4 cm long, 4−5 mm wide; rostrum (5−) 8−15 mm long, subulate-conic........................................... ................................................................................................................................................ B. botterii subsp. botterii
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Farruggia, Frank T., Lavin, Matt, Wojciechowski, Martin F. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2018
Sesbania sect. Sesbania. Agati Adanson, Fam. pl. 2: 326. 1763. Sesbania subg. Agati (Adanson) Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 115. 1876. TYPE: Agati grandiflora (L.) Desvaux [5 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret]. Resupinaria Rafinesque, Sylva tell. 115. 1838. TYPE: Resupinaria (L.) Rafinesque [5 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret]. Darwinia Rafinesque, Fl. ludov. 106. 1817, non Darwinia Rudge, 1815 [Myrtaceae]. Monoplectra Rafinesque, Fl. ludov. 106. 1817, pro. syn. TYPE: Darwinia exaltata Rafinesque [5 Sesbania herbacea (Mill.) McVaugh]. Sesbania subgenus Pterosesbania Gillett, Kew Bull. 17: 149. 1963. TYPE: Sesbania tetraptera Hochst. ex Baker. We recircumscribe the pantropical S. sect. Sesbania to include former S. subg. Agati and S. subg. Pterosesbania, which comprises two species mainly from southern Africa, S. tetraptera and S. rogersii Phill. & Hutch., the latter of which is now considered a subspecies of S. tetraptera (Lewis 1988). These two species (or subspecies) produce mature legumes that are very similar to those of S. sect. Daubentonia (DC.) Benth. in that they have legumes with four longitudinal wings along the legume body. This shared similarity in legume morphology prompted Lavin and Sousa S. (1995) to synonymize S. subg. Pterosesbania under S. sect. Daubentonia. Results of our phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest that the four-winged legume was independently evolved in the New World sect. Daubentonia and the African S. tetraptera (including S. rogersii). However, S. subg. Pterosesbania have generally long, many-seeded linear fruits, which are characteristic of the species of S. sect. Sesbania.
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Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M., Gillespie, Lynn J. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2020
VI. PLUKENETIA sect. PLUKENETIA. Sajorium sect. Pluknetia Baill., Étude Euphorb. 483. 1858. TYPE: Plukenetia volubilis L. Plukenetia sect. Cylindrophora Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 157. 1865. TYPE: Plukenetia peruviana Müll.Arg. [= Plukenetia volubilis L.] Lianas or canopy lianas, stems slender to thick. Leaf venation palmate, primary veins 3. Inflorescences bisexual racemose thyrses (rarely racemes; usually unisexual in P.polyadenia); pistillate flowers solitary at 1–4 basal-most nodes; staminate flowers (1–) 3–15(–18)/node in condensed cymules, glomerules, or moderately condensed cymules with conspicuous and irregularly branched cyme axes (rarely 1/node). Staminate flowers: receptacle conical or globose; nectaries of interstaminal slender-cylindrical, ligulate, or small or large irregularly shaped segments (absent in P.volubilis); stamens 12–40, densely packed; filaments short-conical or slender-cylindrical, 0.5–3 mm long; pollen P = 48–60 m m, E = 53 –69 m m, tectum foveolate. Pistillate flowers: styles (20–40)70–95% connate into a cylindrical column, 5.6–13.4(–35) mm long. Fruits 4(–7)- lobed or subglobose-quadrangular capsules, dry, dehiscent or semi-dehiscent, (1.6–) 2.5–10 cm in diam, or subglobose-quadrangular berries, fleshy, indehiscent, 3.5–11 cm in diam. Seeds broadly lenticular to lenticular (ovoid or triangular-ovoid in P. polyadenia), 10–34.3(49–56) ˟ 8–27(33–37) ˟ (2.5–9) 14–36 mm (“medium,” “large,” “extra-large,” or “maximum,” sensu Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a). The species in this section are distributed in Mexico, Central America, northwestern and Amazonian South America, and the Lesser Antilles. Discussion —Section Plukenetia refers to subclade P3 (Fig. 1) and includes eight species distributed in the Neotropics. The section is morphologically similar to sect. Angostylidium but differs in its neotropical distribution and having cylindrical stylar columns with free style arms that are more or less uniform in thickness or tapered and erect or spreading (Fig. 3G–K). Section Plukenetia is also distinct in having staminate flowers with long slender-cylindrical filaments and interstaminal nectaries (although with short-conical filaments and without nectaries in P. volubilis), and exhibiting the widest range of fruit type (dry or fleshy, and dehiscent, semi-dehiscent, or indehiscent) and seed size (“medium” to “maximum” sized).
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Yang, Kun L., Lin, Jia Y., Li, Guang-Mei et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2025
(1) Scleroderma sect. Scleroderma ≡ Scleroderma sect. Aculeatispora Guzmán, Ciencia (México) 25: 198 (1967) Type species:— Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers., Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (Göttingen) 1: 154 (1801) Description:— Basidiomata usually small, less than 50 mm in diameter, sessile to stipitate, subglobose to tuberiform. Peridium usually leathery, less than 1 mm in thickness, turning reddish, purplish to brownish after damaged, with thin, flaky squamules. Gleba usually compact at first, becoming pulverulent. Basal rhizomorphs usually moderately abundant to abundant, whitish. Basidiospores usually globose, thick-walled, with echinulate to subreticulate ornamentation, brownish to purplish. Basidia usually clavate. Gleba trama usually composed of nearly colorless hyphae. Clamp connections usually absent. Notes:— Most of those Scleroderma species having been known as poisonous are currently recognized in this section (Figs. 1 & 2; see section Discussion for details).
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Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M., Gillespie, Lynn J. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2020
KEY TO THE SPECIES Of PLUKENETIA SECT. PLUKENETIA 1. Styles (9–) 15–35 mm long; filaments short-conical,; 0.5 mm long; interstaminal nectaries absent............................... 25. P. volubilis 1. Styles 4–12 mm long; filaments slender-cylindrical, 0.5–3 mm long; interstaminal nectaries present (small and sometimes overlooked in P. stipellata)..... 2 2. Fruits 1.6–3 cm in diam, dry; interstaminal nectaries of small irregularly shaped segments; stipels 2 and glandular knob absent adaxially at petiole apex.......................................................................................................... 23. P. stipellata 2. Fruits 2.5–11 cm in diam, dry or fleshy; interstaminal nectaries slender-cylindrical, ligulate (strap-shaped), or large irregularly shaped segments; stipels 0–2 and glandular knob 0 or 1 adaxially at petiole apex.................................................................... 3 3. Interstaminal nectaries of large irregularly shaped segments; leaves: lateral primary veins arching towards the margins # 1/2 the length of the blade, stipels 1–2 and glandular knob absent adaxially at petiole apex; typically growing in montane rainforest (580–) 1280–2440 m ...... 4 4. Fruits 2.8–3.7 cm in diam, seeds “large,” 19.2–19.6 ˟ 17–18.5 ˟ 13–15.7 mm; distributed in central and southern Peru (Cusco, Jun´ ın, Pasco)................................................................................................. 24. P. sylvestris 4. Fruits 4–10 cm in diam, seeds “extra-large,” 27–50 ˟ 25–40 ˟ 15–35 mm; distributed in northern Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca)...... 5 5. Filaments 0.5–1 (perhaps to;1.8, see species discussion) mm long; stamens 25–35; staminate cymules densely packed on inflorescence, axis not clearly visible.............................................................................. 19. P. carolis-vegae 5. Filaments; 0.5 mm long; stamens 10–15; staminate cymules loosely packed on inflorescence, axis clearly visible............................................................................................................ 20. P. ˟ huayllabambana 3. Interstaminal nectaries slender-cylindrical or ligulate (strap-shaped); leaves: lateral primary veins arching towards the apex $ 1/2 the length of the blade, stipels absent and glandular knob 1 adaxially at petiole apex; growing in lowland to pre-montane rainforest 0–1000 m (montane rainforest to 2100 m in P. lehmanniana)..................................................................................... 6 6. Styles 20–40% connate, column 3–6 mm long, free style arms 3–6 mm long; fruits squarish in profile; distributed north and west of the Andes in the Pacific coastal and montane regions of Colombia and Ecuador .......................................... 21. P. lehmanniana 6. Styles 70–95% connate, column 3–14 mm long, free style arms 1–2.5(3) mm long; fruits ovoid in profile; distributed south and east of the Andes in the Amazon basin, the Guianas, and eastern Venezuela, or in southern Mexico ....................................... 7 7. Seeds broadly lenticular, “large” to “extra-large,” 24–27 ˟ 21–27 ˟ 14–16 mm; fruits capsules 5.8–7 cm in diam, at least semi-dehiscent; styles 12–14 mm long; distributed in southern Mexico .................................................... 18. P. carabiasiae 7. Seeds ovoid, “maximum” sized, 49–56 ˟ 33–37 ˟ 30–36 mm; fruits fleshy berries, 5–11 cm in diam, indehiscent; styles 3–8 mm long; distributed in the northern Amazon basin, the Guianas, and eastern Venezuela ............................... 22. P. polyadenia
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Casas-Restrepo, Luis Carlos, Fonseca-Cortés, Andrés, Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci De et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2023
Key to species of Schnella sect. Schnella with entire leaves 1. Plants with reniform fruits, up to 2 times longer than wide..............................................................................................................2. - Plants with oblong fruits, 3–4 times longer than wide......................................................................................................................3. 2. Fruits 5.0– 5.5 cm long, petals 8.0– 8.5 cm long, gynoecium 6–8 cm long; Atlantic rainforest in the eastern of Brazil............................................................................................................................................................................................................. S. maximiliani - Fruits 2–3 cm long, petals 4–6 cm long, gynoecium 2–4 cm long; Amazon forest of Brazil and French Guiana......... S. poiteauana 3. Plants with homomorphic elliptic petals 6.0–7.5 × 2.5–3.0 mm; eastern Brazil.............................................................. S. smilacina - Plants with heteromorphic petals, the three superior petals wide elliptic 4.5–5.0 × 2.5–3.0 mm, the two inferior elliptic 5–6 × 2.0– 2.5 mm; Colombia.................................................................................................................................................. S. madeleinae
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Tara Stojaković · University of Split Repository · 2022
Koronarna bolest je aterosklerotska bolest koronarnih arterija s posljedičnim razvojem ishemijske bolesti srca te je jedan od vodećih uzroka smrti u razvijenim zemljama i zemljama u razvoju. ’’Zlatni’’ standard u dijagnostici koronarne bolesti je invazivna koronarografija, no razvojem koronarne CT angiografije omogućena je submilimetarski precizna procjena anatomije koronarnih arterija i srca. Dok su u ranijim fazama za potrebe koronarne CT angiografije korišteni SECT uređaji uz sinkronizaciju s EKG-om, razvoj DECT uređaja je omogućio značajan uzlet u izvođenju koronarne CT angiografije u vidu bolje procjene anatomije i stenoza koronarnih arterija uzrokovanih plakom, mogućnosti procjene perfuzije srca, dobivanje slika s minimalnom količinom artefakata, manju količinu apliciranog jodnog kontrastnog sredstva, bolju karakterizaciju aterosklerotskog plaka i njegovih komponenti, a sve to uz manje doze zračenja za pacijenta. Dok velika većina provedenih istraživanja govori u prilog DECT uređaja spram SECT uređaja, nadalje ostaje pitanje neadekvatne utilizacije mnogobrojnih mogućnosti DECT uređaja u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi što je vjerojatno posljedica slabije dostupnosti, cijene, kao i nepoznavanja načina rada DECT uređaja. DECT tehniku moguće je ostvariti na više načina, ovisno o strukturi DECT uređaja (o broju izvora zračenja, strukturi/ rasporedu detektora ili korištenju filtera), no pitanje kojom se vrstom DECT tehnike/ uređaja koristiti ovisi o nedostacima i prednostima pojedinih uređaja kao i o konačnom cilju dijagnostičke procedure. Ubrzani razvoj tehnologije sigurno će dovesti do daljnjeg razvoja, veće dostupnosti i korištenja DECT-a, no daljnja istraživanja potrebna su kako bi se potvrdila korisnost kliničke primjene DECT-a u svakodnevnom radu te kako bi se razvili jedinstveni protokoli kojima će se moći obaviti lakši i strukturiraniji pristup uz dobivanje objektivnih rezultata za procjenu daljnjeg konzervativnog liječenja ili upućivanja na intervencijske postupke.
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Franck, Alan R. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2024
Sapindus sect. Sapindus. Type:— Sapindus saponaria Linnaeus (1753:367). Description:—Foliaceous cataphylls present or absent on spring shoots, the cataphylls oblong, spatulate, to obovate, 5–20 mm long, 1–4 mm wide. Inflorescence to 30 cm long, the rachis densely hirsute, the hairs 0.2–0.5 mm long, with ca. 25–1500 flowers. Pedicel 1–3 mm long, densely hirsute. Sepals ovate, 2–3 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, abaxially basally and medially puberulent, strigose, to densely hirsute-pilose, glabrate or less pubescent distally, the margin ciliolate to pilose, the apex obtuse to rounded. Petals 5, 2.5–4 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, chartaceous, abaxially and basally puberulent, strigose, or pilosulous and glabrate distally, adaxially and basally glabrate, puberulent, ciliolate, pilosulous, or villosulous, especially along the margin, and glabrate distally, the claw 0.5–1.0 mm long, the blade base with 2 densely villous-pilose appendages 0.1–1.5 mm long or appendages lacking. Disc annular, glabrous. Stamens 8, 2.5–3.5 mm long, the filaments densely villous-pilose proximally, glabrate distally. Ovary 3-lobed, glabrous. Mature fruit epicarp glabrous, lustrous, often somewhat translucent and wrinkled, matte and smooth when immature; testa 0.4–3 mm thick. Distribution:—Tropical and subtropical America, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Key to species of Sapindus sect. Sapindus 1. Mature mericarp ovoid to ellipsoidal, 31–39 mm long, 20–26 mm wide; Vietnam ........................................................ S. oocarpus - Mature mericarp subglobose to ellipsoidal, 10–25 mm long and 10–25 mm wide; Americas, Asia (incl. Vietnam), Melanesia, and Polynesia ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Adaxial surface of petal with 2 densely pilose appendages 0.1–1.5 mm long arising near the petal blade base or claw apex, or appendage absent rarely in S. drummondii; freeze-tolerant, winter deciduous, in the following spring new shoots with 2–3 oblong to obovate green, foliaceous cataphylls; flowering mid-spring–mid-summer ................................................................................. 3 - Adaxial surface of petal lacking a basal appendage, or only with tufts of hairs near the margin of the petal above the claw; freezeintolerant, evergreen or only briefly deciduous just before the new flush of leaves, shoots lacking foliaceous cataphylls (only non-foliaceous bud scales present); usually flowering late summer–early spring, or late-spring–mid-summer in S. standleyi, or year-round in S. saponaria in southern hemisphere and near equator ............................................................................................. 5 3. Petiolule and leaflet base along midrib abaxially densely villous to glabrous; leaflets 10–20, the blade 0.6–3 cm wide, 2.5–17 times longer than wide; mature mericarp 8–16 mm wide; seed 6–10 mm wide; germination hypogeal and cryptocotylar, first true leaves simple ......................................................................................................................................................................... S. drummondii - Petiolule and leaflet base along midrib abaxially sparsely to moderately pubescent to glabrous; leaflets 6–14(16), the blade 1.5– 8.5 cm wide, 2.5–6 times longer than wide; mature mericarp 14–25 mm wide; seed 9–15 mm wide; germination epigeal and phanerocotylar, first true leaves compound ...................................................................................................................................... 4 4. Petiolule 0–3 mm long; leaflet blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–4 cm wide, 3–6 times longer than wide, adaxially the blade usually not sunken along the midrib, at mid-blade the midrib to 0.2 mm high, the midrib and secondary veins pale green, tertiary and quaternary veins nearly concolorous with the blade surface; exudates lacking or these clear adaxially along the rachis, leaflet midrib, and abaxially on the blade surface (also present ephemerally on developing leaves); mature mericarp 14–18 mm wide ..... ....................................................................................................................................................................................... S. marginatus - Petiolule 1–10 mm long; leaflet blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 1.5–8.5 cm wide, 2.5–5 times longer than wide, adaxially the blade often sunken along the midrib, at mid-blade the midrib to 0.4 mm high, the midrib and secondary veins whitish green to pale green, tertiary and quaternary veins conspicuous and discolorous from the blade surface; reddish, orangish, to yellowish exudates present adaxially along the rachis and leaflet midrib, usually abaxially on the leaflet blade surface especially near the base of the midrib (also present ephemerally on developing leaves); mature mericarp (15) 20–25 mm wide ...................... S. mukorossi 5. Larger dimension of mature mericarp 9–14 mm, the pericarp 0.1–0.6 mm thick; seed 6–9 mm wide ............................................ 6 - Larger dimension of mature mericarp (13) 15–20 mm, the pericarp 0.1–2 mm thick; seed 9–14 mm wide .................................... 8 6. Leaflet blades 1.5–2.5 times longer than wide; pericarp 0.4–0.6 mm thick ................................................................. S. motu-koita - Leaflet blades 2.5–3.5 times longer than wide; pericarp 0.1 mm thick ............................................................................................ 7 7. Petiolule 1–4 mm long; leaflets 2.5–3.5 times longer than wide, adaxially with strongly prominent, raised tertiary, quaternary, and often some quinternary veins, strongly discolorous with the blade surface, abaxially the foveolae inconspicuous .......... S. balicus - Petiolule 0–1 mm long; leaflets 2.5–5.5 times longer than wide, adaxially with obscure to prominent tertiary and quaternary venation, discolorous to nearly concolorous with the blade surface, the quinternary venation mostly unapparent or obscure and nearly concolorous with the blade surface, abaxially the foveolae usually conspicuous ................................................ S. tricarpus 8. Leaflets (4)6–8(10), the blade adaxially with strongly prominent, raised tertiary, quaternary, and some quinternary veins, strongly discolorous with the blade surface, the blade 3.1–5.5 times longer than wide, mostly falcate, the petiolules (0) 3–11 mm long; flowering January–February in the southern hemisphere ............................................................................................... S. marikuru - Leaflets 4–12(14), the blade adaxially with obscure to prominent tertiary and quaternary venation, discolorous to nearly concolorous with the blade surface, the quinternary venation mostly unapparent or obscure and nearly concolorous with the blade surface, the blade 1.9–4(5) times longer than wide, straight to falcate, the petiolules 0–5 mm long or 1–10 mm long and leaflets 4–6; flowering January–December in the northern or southern hemisphere ............................................................................................................. 9 9. Leaflet adaxially usually drying or aging pale to moderately green to occasionally moderately brown, tertiary venation prominulous, lightly discolorous to nearly concolorous with the blade surface, quaternary venation prominulous to obscure, nearly concolorous with the blade surface, the blade not or scarcely sunken along the midrib; rachis unwinged or wings to 5 mm wide on one side .... ........................................................................................................................................................................................ S. saponaria - Leaflet adaxially drying or aging dark green to dark brown, sometimes dark purplish or reddish brown, tertiary and quaternary venation prominent to prominulous, pale yellow to yellowish green, discolorous from the blade surface, quaternary venation prominent to prominulous, discolorous to nearly concolorous with the blade surface, the blade sunken or not sunken along the midrib; rachis unwinged or wings to 1 mm wide on one side (rarely the wings to 3.5 mm, in seedlings) .................................... 10 10. Petiole base generally greenish to pale yellow throughout (except grayish lignescent in older leaves); leaflet midrib brownish pale green, reddish brown, to dark brown, occasionally pale yellow towards the base; flowering May–July (or October) in the northern hemisphere ....................................................................................................................................................................... S. standleyi - Petiole base speckled-brown or nearly uniformly purplish brown; leaflet midrib pale yellow to pale green; flowering August– October in the northern hemisphere, or flowering April–July in the southern hemisphere ........................................................... 11 11. Petiole base speckled-brown; leaves pubescent; leaflets 4–8, the petiolule 0–3 mm long, the blade 2.5–3.5 times longer than wide, adaxially the blade often sunken along the midirb; flowering August–October in the northern hemisphere ................ S. thurstonii - Petiole base nearly uniformly purplish brown; leaves glabrous; leaflets 4–6, the petiolule 1–10 mm long, the blade 1.9–2.3 times longer than wide, adaxially the blade not sunken along the midrib; flowering April–July in the southern hemisphere .. S. vitiensis
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Goldblatt, P., Manning, J. C., van Wyk, P. C. V. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2015
3.4. Key to species of Hesperantha sect. Hesperantha [adapted from Goldblatt (2003)] Corms triangular to bell-shaped in outline, with a horizontal or oblique flat base; outer floral bract margins free to the base (sect. Hesperantha) 1a Plants acaulescent or almost so with aerial part of stem enclosed by leaf sheaths: 2a Flowers white with purple marking at bases of outer tepals… Hesperantha luticola Goldblatt 2b Flowers deep pink to red-purple… Hesperantha latifolia (Klatt) M.P.de Vos 1b Plants with conspicuous aerial stem: 3a Style dividing at or below middle of perianth tube; style branches and sometimes anthers partly or completely included in perianth tube: 4a Flowers 20–25 mm diam. with tepals 10–12 mm long; stamens and style branches fully included in perianth tube… Hesperantha cedarmontana Goldblatt 4b Flowers ± 18 mm diam. with tepals 9–10 mm long; anthers exserted but style branches reaching only to mouth of tube… Hesperantha saldanhae Goldblatt 3b Style dividing at or just below mouth of perianth tube; anthers and style branches fully exserted and filaments usually at least partly exserted from perianth tube: 5a Flowers small, erect or inclined on straight spike; perianth tube slightly curved, 4–6 mm long; tepals 4–7 mm long; leaves either plane and sometimes with crisped margins, or terete to ovoid in cross section and hollow; seeds with sharp angles (minute wings) and seed coat with whitish spongy cells… Hesperantha spicata (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. 5b Flowers small to large, upright on straight or flexuose spike; perianth tube straight, (5–) 7–14 mm long; tepals 6–18 mm long; leaves plane with straight margins; seeds globose or sides lightly flattened by pressure, seed coat dark brown: 6a Corm base usually with prominent radiating spines or teeth on margins; flowers diurnal, closing in late afternoon; perianth pink to red-purple (rarely yellow, in one morph of H. pauci fl ora): 7a Perianth tube 6–11 mm long; tepals 18–25 mm long, at least twice as long as tube; plants of Namaqualand and Bokkeveld Mtns in South Africa … H. pauci fl ora G.J. Lewis 7b Perianth tube 20–25 mm long; tepals ± 10 mm long, ±half as long as tube; plants of SW Namibia … Hesperantha longistyla Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 6b Corm base with small teeth on margins or scarcely serrated and usually without prominent spines; flowers diurnal or crepuscular, opening in late afternoon or after sunset; perianth white, cream or yellow: 8a Plants without cauline leaves; perianth tube 12–16 mm long; tepals 6–10 mm long, always shorter than tube; flowers pale, watery yellow… Hesperantha suf fl ava Goldblatt 8b Plants with 1 or 2 sub-basal or cauline, largely sheathing leaves; perianth tube 5–14 mm long; tepals (9–) 12–18 mm long, usually longer than tube; flowers white, cream or yellow: 9a Plants with 2 basal foliage leaves: 10a Basal leaves usually prostrate, semi-succulent, 4–5 mm wide; filaments <1 mm long; style branches ascending, ± 2.5 mm long… Hesperantha laxifolia Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 10b Basal leaves ± falcate, 2–6 mm wide, not noticeably succulent; filaments ± 3 mm long; style branches spreading, ± 12 mm long… H. eremophila Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 9b Plants with 3 or more basal foliage leaves: 11a Tepals uniformly white on both sides, ascending and cupped when fully open; perianth tube 12–14 mm long, ± as long as tepals; leaves falcate to trailing… Hesperantha dolomitica Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 11b Outer or all tepals flushed red to brown on reverse, spreading horizontally when fully open; perianth tube 4–12 mm long, shorter than tepals; leaves suberect to falcate: 12a Leaves narrow, 1–2 mm wide; perianth tube 10–12 mm; plants of shallow soils on sandstone pavement… Hesperantha lithicola Goldblatt & J.C. Manning 12b Leaves broader, 4–8 mm wide; perianth tube 4–9 mm long; plants of deeper sandy or clay soils… H. falcata (L.f.) Ker Gawl.
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J. Dong, Kai-Wen Jiang, A. Biao et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2025
Key to Chinese species of Dalbergia sect. Dalbergia The type species of the genus Dalbergia, D. lanceolaria L. f., and its allies comprise section Dalbergia. This section was previously known as section Dalbergaria Prain (1905 [1904]: 85). However, according to Art. 22.2 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN; Madrid Code, Turland et al. 2025), a name of a subdivision of a genus that includes the type of the adopted, legitimate name of the genus is not validly published unless its epithet repeats the generic name unaltered. Therefore, the sectional name Dalbergaria was not validly published and should not be used; instead, the autonym sect. Dalbergia should be adopted. This section, based on the treatments by Prain (1905 [1904]) and Thothathri (1987), as well as the species key by Li (2017), comprises ca. 16 species distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, and has been supported as a monophyletic clade in phylogenetic studies 1,2 (Vatanparast et al. 2013, Sotuyo et al. 2022). Members of this section are characterized by their stamens in 5+5 diadelphous arrangement [except D. polyadelpha Prain (1905 [1904]: 84), stamens irregularly separated to incompletely 3–5-adelphous on upper part] and coriaceous pods. Currently, nine species of this section are known from China. A key to these species (mainly based on fruiting specimens) is provided below. 1. Climbers or scandent shrubs...............................................................................................................................................................2 -. Generally erect trees ...........................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Leaflets 15–25; panicle generally shorter than its subtending leaf; pods strongly thickened and spongy around seeds..................... ................................................................................................................................................... D. stipulacea Roxburgh (1832: 233) -. Leaflets 9–13; panicle generally longer than its subtending leaf; pods not thickened around seeds as above .................................... ............................................................................................................................................ D. volubilis Roxburgh (1798 [1805]: 48) 3. Leaflets acute to acuminate at apex....................................................................................................................................................4 -. Leaflets rounded, obtuse to retuse at apex..........................................................................................................................................5 4. Pods glabrous except for short stipe............................................................................................................................ D. polyadelpha -. Pods brown puberulent.................................................................................................... D. hainanensis Merrill & Chun (1934: 32) 5. Pods not reticulate opposite seeds ........................................................................................................................................ D. oliveri -. Pods ± reticulate opposite seeds .........................................................................................................................................................6 6. Pods inconspicuously reticulate opposite seeds .................................................................................................................................7 -. Pods obviously reticulate opposite seeds ...........................................................................................................................................8 7. Pods obviously thickened and raised around seeds....................................................................................................... D. nigrescens -. Pods not or slightly thickened and raised around seeds ................................................................................................... D. assamica 8. Leaflets 7– 113; mature seeds firmly attached to the inner wall of the pod’s seed chamber .................. D. hupeana Hance (1882: 5) -. Leaflets (7–)9–19; mature seeds separate from the inner surface of the pod’s seed chamber ..................................... D. lanceolaria Notes: — 1 Phylogenetic analyses by Vatanparast et al. (2013) and Sotuyo et al. (2022) did not place Dalbergia sericea within the Dalbergia sect. Dalbergia clade. Upon examining the voucher specimen (BANGLADESH. Chittagong, 25 April 1994, A. M. Huq & M. K. Mia 10336 [L]) used in their studies, we found it to be a misidentification. This specimen likely represents a species closely related to Dalbergia velutina Bentham (in Miquel 1852: 255), characterized by membranous pods containing elongate seeds. 2 Notably, phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genomes by Rather et al. (2025) placed D. obtusifolia Prain (1901 [1902]: 42) and D. mimosoides Franchet (1889: 187) within the Dalbergia sect. Dalbergia clade. However, this result may be based on misidentification of voucher specimens (vouchers not traced by the current authors) and conflicts with both morphological data (see Li 2017) and our unpublished molecular phylogenetic data. Therefore, their results are not recognized here. 3 Li (2017), in his key to species and species descriptions, stated the leaflet number of Dalbergia hupeana as 3–5. This should be corrected to 3–5-paired leaflets.
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