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About 7,266 papers for “Self-reference effect”

Self/Other‐Reference Effect

Richard L. Miller · The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology · 2013

The self‐reference effect refers to the tendency for individuals to remember information that relates to themselves better than information that makes reference to other entities. This effect was first described by Rogers, Kuiper, who expanded on Craik and work on depth‐of‐processing based on the extent of elaboration involved in encoding information into memory. In their classic study, Craik and Tulving created a task in which they manipulated the level of processing (shallow, moderate, or deep). For shallow processing, subjects identified whether a word was capitalized. For moderate processing, participants determined if words were rhymed. For deep processing, participants were required to determine if a word fit within the context of a sentence. Following this task, participants completed a surprise recognition test, asking them to identify which words they had seen during the previous activity. The results indicated that participants were able to more accurately recall those words that they had processed at a deeper level.

Cited by 0

Self, Memory, and the Self-Reference Effect

Stanley B. Klein · Personality and Social Psychology Review · 2012

The author argues that the self is a multifaceted entity that does not easily submit to clear and precise description. The aspect of self studied by most investigators is actually a subset of the cognitive and neural underpinnings of "self" and not the "self" of first-person subjectivity. The author then looks at the dominant theoretical treatment of human long-term memory-the systems approach-and examines how the construct of "self" is situated in this framework. Finally, he reviews the best-known paradigm for exploring the role of self in memory-the self-reference effect (SRE) manipulation. He argues that there is not one SRE but rather a family of related SREs that are influenced by a variety of variables and contexts. Accordingly, researchers must exercise caution when attempting to draw conclusions about the self from the results of SRE memory performance.

Cited by 159

Acculturation and the Self-Reference Effect

Ashley Gilliam · Brandeis Institutional Repository · 2020

Research on cross-cultural perception and experience-dependent plasticity has shown that cultural milieu can influence the way information is processed and what strategies are employed to deal with our ever-changing environment. Our research focuses on memory and if acculturation and cultural values of East Asians affect cognition. Specifically, this research examined if acculturation impacts the self-reference effect in mainland Chinese immigrants. Participants first encoded trait-based words (adjectives, such as “wealthy” or “nasty”), presented in Simplified Mandarin on a computer screen. These were presented along with a target referent—either the self, close other, or farm animal. They responded as to whether these apply to either themselves, a close other, or a farm animal by pressing a key for yes or no. During testing, or retrieval, participants then decided as to whether these previous items and new items are the same as the encoded stimuli or are novel lures (i.e., “same” or “new” items). Questionnaires were administered for between-subjects analyses. These included the Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS) (Demes & Geeraert, 2014), the Schwarz Culture Value Scale (SVS), the Singelis Self-Construal Scale (SCS), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) (Zhang, Fokkema, Cuijpers, Smits, & Beekman, 2011). Results suggest that acculturation does not impact the self-reference effect for young adult international students.

Cited by 0

Intimacy, Concreteness, and the “Self-Reference Effect”

Uwe Czienskowski, Stefanie Giljohann · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · 2002

Reference to oneself during incidental learning of words frequently results in better recall performance than reference to other persons. However, this effect occurs under different conditions with differing strength, and sometimes it is even reversed. Meta-analyses and further experimental studies suggest that increased recall performance under a self-referential encoding task occurs only if it is compared with a nonintimate other person and if abstract material is presented, irrespective of the type of previously presented words (adjectives or nouns). In the current paper, two experiments are reported which support the assumption that this intimacy effect on memory only occurs if no pictorial or concrete features of the material (nouns) to be learned can be exploited for an improvement in encoding or remembering the material. All results agree with predicted effect sizes, which were drawn from a meta-analysis and subsequently conducted experimental studies. This suggests that a recall advantage of referring to oneself compared to other persons is subordinate to the effects of concreteness or imageability. Moreover, the current results offer a theoretical explanation of some previously reported but nevertheless puzzling results from imagery instructions, which indicate decreased recall performance for self-reference compared to other-reference.

Cited by 18

The Self-Reference Effect and Mental Cueing

Francis S. Bellezza, Sandra K. Hoyt · Social Cognition · 1992

The Self-Reference Effect (SRE) results from the formation and utilization of mental cues and is not the result of special mnemonic properties of the self. Properties of mental cues, such as constructibility, associability, discriminability, and bidirectionality, are necessary for mental cues to be effective and are briefly described. Although SREs have often been reported in the literature, evidence is reviewed demonstrating that self-reference processing does not always result in the best recall performance. An experiment was performed in which four types of mental cues, including some associated with the self, were evaluated for their ability to support free recall. Names of friends used as mental cues were found to be slightly superior to places in one's house and much superior to personal experiences. Names of friends and house locations resulted in the best recall because they are more constructible as mental cues than are personal experiences. Names of fruits, though constructible, were not as effective as names of friends; therefore, we suggest that representations of fruits in memory suffer from lack of discriminability. The results do not support the cue-variety hypothesis of Greenwald and Banaji (1989), which states that any easily retrieved set of items in memory, such as names of fruits, can function as effective mental cues. We suggest that the self can be viewed as the representation in memory of familiar world knowledge. If indeed the self as a theoretical construct involves more than this, then the SRE is not the appropriate paradigm to study the self.

Cited by 14

Self-Reference Effect Induced by Self-Cues Presented During Retrieval

Liguo He, Wei Han, Zhan Shi · Frontiers in Psychology · 2021

The self-reference effect (SRE) refers to better memory for self-relevant than for other-relevant information. Generally, the SRE is found in conditions in which links between the stimuli and the self are forged in the encoding phase. To investigate the possibility that such conditions are not prerequisites for the SRE, this research developed two conditions by using two recognition tasks involving abstract geometric shapes (AGSs). One was the cue-in-encoding condition in which self- and other-cues were presented to construct links with AGSs during the encoding phase, and the other was the cue-in-retrieval condition in which self- and other-cues were presented to construct links with AGSs during the retrieval phase. The SRE was found in both conditions. The findings reveal that self-cues merely presented during the retrieval phase are sufficient to induce the SRE. Links between the stimuli and the self constructed during the encoding phase may not be necessary prerequisites for the SRE.

Cited by 3Open access

Self-reference Effect and Insight in Schizophrenia Patients

Han Shi-hui · 2008

Objective:To investigate the relationship between insight and self of schizophrenia patients by paradigm of self-reference effect(SRE).Methods:16 schizophrenia patients with insight, 16 schizophrenia patients without insight and 16 normal controls matched with age and education degree were measured by SRE, and the results were analyzed.Results:SRE was shown in normal controls, and R performance on Self task was better than on other two tasks(P0.05).But in schizophrenia patients, there were no differences of R performance among tasks(P0.05).This means that SRE was not demonstrated in schizophrenia patients.There were significant differences between patients without insight and normal controls in R performance(P0.01).There were no significant differences in R performance between schizophrenia patients with and without insight(P0.05).Conclusion:The profile of the results indicates that self-disturbance is shown in schizophrenia.There is no obviously correlation between insight and self-reference effect in schizophrenia patients.

Cited by 2