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About 10,000 papers for “Structuring”

Structuring

Bmc Bioinformatics, Ai Kawazoe, Hutchatai Chanlekha et al. · 2008

Cited by 0

Structuring

Eric C. R. Hehner · 1977

Structuring can be defined independently of what is being structured, and can be applied profitably to more than one domain. Using one mechanism to structure both values and assignments, we obtain equivalents for a variety of data and control structures. Structuring assignments is preferable to structuring control: the former is more conducive to a mathematical style of programming while the latter is more conducive to tracing.

Cited by 0Open access

Structuring

Brian G. Mc Enery · Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens Kew)

Cited by 0

Structuring

Elizabeth Lank · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Abstract The structure of a collaborative venture needs careful consideration, as the right structure will support and enable effective working, and the wrong structure will get in the way. There are four main structuring issues to consider. These are: Choosing an overall organizational form. There are many options to choose from, ranging from informal relationships, through various framework agreements, to creating an independent legal entity. Structuring the day-to-day governance of the collaboration, in terms of decision-making processes and accountabilities. The model for allocating costs and benefits to the different partners. The policy on intellectual property, covering both existing intellectual property and dealing with any new intellectual property arising from the venture.

Cited by 0

Spatial Structuring in 1st Grade: from local structuring to global structuring

Joana Conceição, Margarida Rodrigues · Figshare · 2021

Abstract In this paper, we aim to understand how 1st grade students develop their spatial structuring of 2D figures composed by squares (pentominoes) by analyzing students' strategies to compose pentominoes, to determine the congruency between pentominoes and to anticipate composites, and the importance of drawing the constructions. Data was collected during the implementation of the first sequence of tasks, from cycle two, of a design-based research. Results show that, at first, students build pentominoes by manipulating squares individually and by trial and error, which is a strategy associated to local structuring. Gradually, students evolve in their capacity of coordinating components and composites, stimulated by the relationships they stablish and reflect upon between manipulatives and drawings. As they stablish more complex relationships, based on the coordination of components and composites, they start to be able to build with anticipation. Building with anticipation, based on mental images, suggests the use of integration operation, which is associated with global structuring. Students use movements as rotating and flipping, at first, with manipulatives and later mentally to determine the congruency between two pentominoes and to anticipate the result of pentominoes manipulation.

Cited by 0Open access

Spatial Structuring in 1st Grade: from local structuring to global structuring

Conceição, Joana, Rodrigues, Margarida · Figshare · 2021

Abstract In this paper, we aim to understand how 1st grade students develop their spatial structuring of 2D figures composed by squares (pentominoes) by analyzing students' strategies to compose pentominoes, to determine the congruency between pentominoes and to anticipate composites, and the importance of drawing the constructions. Data was collected during the implementation of the first sequence of tasks, from cycle two, of a design-based research. Results show that, at first, students build pentominoes by manipulating squares individually and by trial and error, which is a strategy associated to local structuring. Gradually, students evolve in their capacity of coordinating components and composites, stimulated by the relationships they stablish and reflect upon between manipulatives and drawings. As they stablish more complex relationships, based on the coordination of components and composites, they start to be able to build with anticipation. Building with anticipation, based on mental images, suggests the use of integration operation, which is associated with global structuring. Students use movements as rotating and flipping, at first, with manipulatives and later mentally to determine the congruency between two pentominoes and to anticipate the result of pentominoes manipulation.

Cited by 0Open access

Structuring decisions: The role of structuring heuristics.

Patrick Humphreys, Stuart Wooler, Lawrence D. Phillips · PsycEXTRA Dataset · 1981

Abstract : This paper discusses how heuristics can be incorporated in decision aids that are used for structuring decision problems. First, decision theory in terms of linked subsystems is described; this permits identification of the sites where it is necessary to employ heuristic rather than normative, algorithmic procedures. These sites lie on the interface between decision maker's semantic memory, because no adequate formal specification of the structure of semantic memory exists as yet, and consequently no normative procedures for accessing information from semantic memory can be specified. Next, production systems are used to describe heuristic devices handling transactions across the interface between the decision theoretic system and the decision maker's semantic memory; it is suggested that these heuristics can be incorporated into decision aids designed to improve the quality of access to the information contained within the decision maker's semantic memory. Candidate heuristics for use in development of such decision aids are identified, and criteria for locating the site of operation of heuristics are reported in the literature. Selection of those heuristics that operate on the interface with semantic memory is developed. These heuristics are identified within a comprehensive table of heuristics cited in the literature.

Cited by 12

Magnetotail structuring

Evgeny Panov · Figshare · 2021

*=spacecraft probe (3, 4 or 5)<br><br>P*_B.txt - magnetic field vector<br>P*_E.txt - electric field vector<br>P*_eflux_energy.txt - differential energy flux as function of time and energy<br>P*_eflux_phi.txt - differential energy flux as function of time and azimuthal angle<br>P*_Ne.txt - electron density<br>P*_pos.txt - spacecraft position<br>P*_Ptens.txt - plasma pressure tensor<br>P*_SCPot.txt - spacecraft potential<br>P*_T.txt - average ion temperature<br>P*_Tmag.txt - ion temperature components perpendicualr and parallel to the magnetic field<br>P*_V.txt - ion velocity vector

Cited by 0Open access

Structuring microspheres

Nagesh A. Wagdare · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · 2011

Encapsulation and use of capsules for controlled release has several applications in pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, detergents and many other products for consumers. It can contribute to sustainability, since it allows an efficient use of active materials, delivery at the required site and possibly a longer shelf life of the products. Many encapsulation systems are basically very thin shells (10 nm – 10 µm) around microscopic reservoirs (100 nm – 100 µm), in which active ingredients are trapped. The release properties are strongly dependent on the material properties of the shell, but also on their size and uniformity. The overall objective of this research is to understand the formation process of microcapsules and microspheres by using phase separation in well-defined droplets of a polymeric solution. The primary droplets were produced with microsieve emulsification. The polymer used was Eudragit FS 30D (a commercial copolymer of poly(methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) 7:3:1), which contains charged carboxylate groups that make the polymer water-soluble at higher pH (>7), allowing for release by a change in pH. Chapter 2 presents results that give more insight into microsieve emulsification with high porosity micro-engineered membranes. The droplet formation was strongly influenced by the dynamics of surfactant adsorption. The presence of suitable surfactants in both phases prevents the coalescence of droplets and wetting of the microsieve membranes by the dispersed phase during oil droplet formation. This resulted in the formation of stable emulsions of droplets with a narrow size distribution. The flux of the dispersed phase could be increased an order of magnitude compared to previous methods, without loss of size-distribution of the droplets. Thus, use of a high-porosity membrane, in combination with suitable surfactants in both the dispersed and continuous phases resulted in a much more effective and efficient emulsification process. In Chapter 3 crossflow microsieve emulsification was used to prepare porous microcapsules with an average size of about 30 µm. A mixture of Eudragit and hexadecane in dichloromethane (DCM) was emulsified in water.Being a poor solvent for this polymer, demixing of the droplet into a polymeric shell and a hexadecane-rich core occurred upon extraction of the DCM into the water phase. At a low ratio of polymer to hexadecane, the resulting shells were found to be porous. Increasing this ratio resulted in a reduction of the porosity and pore size of the shell. The Eudragit has a pH-dependent solubility. It is insoluble at acidic conditions and rapidly dissolves at alkaline conditions. The capsules were found to be stable at a pH lower than 7.0, whereas the oil core was released within half an hour at pH 7.1 and within a minute at pH 8.0. The morphology of the microcapsules can be adapted with a careful choice of the concentrations of polymer, hexadecane and solvent. At higher concentrations of polymer, the tiny oil droplets that were captured in the forming Eudragit shell were unable to coalesce completely and small, isolated pores were formed within the shell matrix. The potential for new microcapsule morphologies was further explored in Chapter 4 where the formation of Eudragit capsules with other oils instead of hexadecane was studied, and in Chapter 5 where a blend of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and Eudragit was used. In Chapter 4 the effects of chain lengths of vegetable oils on the formation of porous microcapsules with hollow and multi-compartment structures is discussed. The encapsulation of oil and the morphology of the resulting microcapsules depends on the interaction between the Eudragit polymer and the type of oil that was used. Microcapsule formation using long chain length oils such as sunflower oil, olive oil and coconut oil resulted in well-defined microcapsules with a single encapsulated oil droplet, covered with a Eudragit-rich shell. On the other hand, capsules prepared with relatively short chain length oils, such as medium chain triglyceride oil, resulted in capsules with many individual small oil droplets encapsulated in an Eudragit matrix. Extraction of the oil from the microcapsules with hexane results in the formation of hollow porous shells as was investigated with optical microscopy and SEM. These structures are formed during microcapsule formation due to the complex phase separation processes in the Eudragit-water-oil-DCM quaternary system. In Chapter 5 the formation of microcapsules is further explored by using a blend of PMMA and Eudragit. Microspheres formed with this blend were found to consist of a PMMA core inside an Eudragit-rich shell, which tends to be porous. As the amount of Eudragit is increased, a thicker and more porous outer shell is formed due to the enhanced interaction of water with Eudragit. After dissolution of the Eudragit at high pH, different core surface structures resulted, from irregular surfaces to microspheres with a fiber-like, swollen corona around it, and to a surface covered with small nodular structures, dependent on the concentrations of PMMA and Eudragit in the initial mixture. As already indicated above, these structures are formed as a result of complex phase separation processes between polymers and (non)solvents, and between the two polymers. In Chapter 6 the results described in this thesis were compared with existing literature, yielding an outlook on the field of microencapsulation through phase separation. A general concept is discussed on how to obtain various interesting complex structures with phase separation combined with microsieve emulsification. Finally, a conceptual process design is discussed for industrial scale production of microcapsules and microspheres with use of microsieve emulsification. This thesis has yielded insight in the formation of a range of microcapsule morphologies by investigating a range of new production methods (microsieves and demixing conditions) and formulations (different concentrations, oils and using one polymer or a blend), and through this provides better insight into the mechanisms of microcapsule formation. While some of the structures may be directly used for microcapsule formation, some other structures may well have potential for other applications. Figure. Examples of structured microcapsules and microspheres developed in this thesis.

Cited by 0Open access

Structuring Content

Hagit Borer · 2013

Abstract This chapter is devoted to defining the syntactic domain within which atomic Content is matched with relevant strings. Assuming an Encyclopaedia, a reservoir of atomic Content items (by assumption conceptual and thus constrained), an interface mapping device (an ‘en-searching’ device) is proposed such that it matches an atomic Content unit with a qualifying string, the latter being, fundamentally, a (partially) phonologically realized syntactic constituent which is delimited by the first merging segment of an Extended Projection. Within the empirical domain, the chapter is built around two puzzles concerning the contrastive properties of AS-nominals and R-nominals While the latter may be non-compositional (‘transmission’, ‘transformation’, ‘constitution’) and may be built of roots that are not otherwise independently attested as verbs (‘nation’, ‘petulance’), the former are always compositional (‘*the transformation of the structure by the linguist’ under a technical reading) and do not allow stems that are otherwise not attested as verbs (‘*the petulance of the passenger for three hours’). Delimiting the domain of Content by the merger of ExP-segments, in turn, solves both these puzzles in a straightforward way, as it forces the verbal constituent within AS-nominals to be Contentful as a result of the presence of argument-structure assigning ExP-segments. Evidence is further provided for the matching of Content on the basis of phonological rather than phonologically abstract representations. An appendix discusses in some detail the differences between non-compositional ‘words’ and phrasal idioms as motivation for the claim that the latter must be otherwise handled.

Cited by 7

Structuring Element

B. S. Daya Sagar, D. Arun Kumar · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · 2022

Cited by 0