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Evolution and future directions of video coding standards and emerging compression technologies

Wael Badawy · Multimedia Tools and Applications · 2025

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An Overview of Recent Video Coding Developments in MPEG and AOMEDIA

Dias, Andre Seixas, Blasi, Saverio, Rivera, Fiona et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2018

Video compression technologies play a key role in the distribution of video content in broadcasting. Many techniques have been proposed to improve the coding efficiency provided by the most recent video compression standard, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). This includes the latest tools being investigated within the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) and the tools provided by the royalty-free AV1 codec developed by the Alliance for Open Media. This paper analyses the overall compression capabilities of these two emerging technologies with respect to HEVC, including objective and subjective performance evaluation and the associated encoding and decoding complexities.

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Video Compression by Computer and its Application

Yu Hu · Advanced materials research · 2012

Future video compression algorithms may employ more adaptability, in this paper, we will focus on the block-based MC/DCT hybrid coding schemes, give a review of the technologies involved in predictive coding, transform coding, quantization and entropy coding, and based on this analyze the development trends and perspectives of video compression, highlighting problems and research directions. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Development trends and perspectives of video compression analyzed in the following paper, highlighting problems and research directions are also analyzed.

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End‑to‑End Video Compression Technology and Its Application in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

YE Feng, DONG Fanke, JIA Chuanmin · SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología · 2025

The field of multimedia visual representation and transmission is undergoing profound transformation， with end-to-end optimized intelligent video coding technologies serving as the driving force. The compression of emerging video content represented by unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） videos has further stimulated the development of core technologies and innovation in application scenarios. Focusing on end-to-end video coding technology and its initial exploration in UAV video coding， this study proposes a hierarchical bi-directional reference structure-based video coding method that addresses the shortcomings of existing models in motion representation efficiency and predictive coding accuracy. The targeted design introduces a parameter-shared motion codec， a bi-directional scaled motion representation method， and credible motion modeling technology， significantly improving the rate-distortion performance of UAV video compression and outperforming traditional video coding standards such as H.266/VVC. This work provides novel insights for the advancement of key intelligent video coding technologies and their practical applications， demonstrating promising potential for future deployment in UAV visual perception and related domains.

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Overview of Intra Template Matching Tools in ECM

Po-Han Lin, Jian-Liang Lin, Vadim Seregin et al. · 2024

To explore the next standardization of future video coding technologies after Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard was finalized, the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) with many video coding experts are working on the exploitation experiment for the compression enhancement beyond VVC capability. Intra template matching is one of the technologies which is studied and adopted in the experiment model. This paper provides an overview and technical detail discussions of intra template matching.

Cited by 3

Coding Video A Practical Guide to HEVC and Beyond

Richardson, Iain E. G. · 2024

A fully up-to-date guide to transformative consumer technologies Video compression - or video coding - has been at the centre of a revolution in the way video is produced, delivered, and consumed. It has made the switch from analogue to digital video possible and has enabled fundamental shifts in the way we now watch video. New video compression standards, together with adaptive streaming protocols, are used to deliver high-quality video to homes and workplaces around the world. Coding Video provides a practical and comprehensive guide to the new landscape of video coding and video streaming. This book explains the core technologies with a wealth of practical examples and illustrations, covers key standards such as H.265/HEVC and includes an introduction to the new H.266/VVC standard. Coding Video will appeal to engineers, application developers, product designers and digital video professionals, as well as to graduate students and researchers in Engineering, Computer Science and related subjects.

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Coding Video

Iain E. G. Richardson · 2024

A fully up-to-date guide to transformative consumer technologies Video compression – or video coding – has been at the centre of a revolution in the way video is produced, delivered, and consumed. It has made the switch from analogue to digital video possible and has enabled fundamental shifts in the way we now watch video. New video compression standards, together with adaptive streaming protocols, are used to deliver high-quality video to homes and workplaces around the world. Coding Video provides a practical and comprehensive guide to the new landscape of video coding and video streaming. This book explains the core technologies with a wealth of practical examples and illustrations, covers key standards such as H.265/HEVC and includes an introduction to the new H.266/VVC standard. Coding Video will appeal to engineers, application developers, product designers and digital video professionals, as well as to graduate students and researchers in Engineering, Computer Science and related subjects.

Cited by 5

Recent Advances of End-to-End Video Coding Technologies for AVS Standard Development

Xihua Sheng, Xiongzhuang Liang, Chuanbo Tang et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2026

Video coding standards are essential to enable the interoperability and widespread adoption of efficient video compression technologies. In pursuit of greater video compression efficiency, the AVS video coding working group launched the standardization exploration of end-to-end intelligent video coding, establishing the AVS End-to-End Intelligent Video Coding Exploration Model (AVS-EEM) project. A core design principle of AVS-EEM is its focus on practical deployment, featuring inherently low computational complexity and requiring strict adherence to the common test conditions of conventional video coding. This paper details the development history of AVS-EEM and provides a systematic introduction to its key technical framework, covering model architectures, training strategies, and inference optimizations. These innovations have collectively driven the project's rapid performance evolution, enabling continuous and significant gains under strict complexity constraints. Through over two years of iterative refinement and collaborative effort, the coding performance of AVS-EEM has seen substantial improvement. Experimental results demonstrate that its latest model achieves superior compression efficiency compared to the conventional AVS3 reference software, marking a significant step toward a deployable intelligent video coding standard.

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Recent Advances of End-to-End Video Coding Technologies for AVS Standard Development

Sheng, Xihua, Liang, Xiongzhuang, Tang, Chuanbo et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2026

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Comparison of Video Codecs Performance for Real-Time Transmission

Γεώργιος Μινόπουλος, Vasileios A. Memos, Kostas E. Psannis et al. · 2020

Nowadays, the need for more efficient video compression algorithms is growing, due to the increasing consumption of video content in higher resolutions. Thus, it is obvious that video compression technologies play a key role in the distribution of video content in broadcasting. In this paper, the video compression comparisons take into account the encoding or decoding time which is needed for each compression standard, in order to provide evidence about their adaptation under real-time streaming conditions. The video test sequences used in our experiments were retrieved from miscellaneous sources and their common characteristic is that they have High or Ultra High Definition resolution. Video codecs' performance was tested by using commercial coding libraries and reference software of the coding standards.

Cited by 9

Analysis of the Intra-Picture Coding Tools of Versatile Video Coding (VVC) Standard for 8K Video Resolution

A. Simsek, Günhan Dündar · 2025

Versatile Video Coding (VVC), standardized in 2022 as ITU-T Recommendation H.266, ISO/IEC 23090–3 and MPEG-I Part3, is the latest block-based hybrid video coding standard which claims to fulfill all the requirements of todays and tomorrow's video applications. VVC defines more tools to increase compression efficiency while maintaining the same level of quality. The tradeoff is the computational complexity. H.266/VVC, especially the intra-coding loop, is computationally very complex due to its nature of iteratively trying all possible QTMT partitioning tree alternatives with all options of compression technologies. In this paper, we focus on the intra-coding loop of VVC for 8K video and study the effects of technologies like MTS, LFNST, MIP etc. on the compression efficiency (bits), quality (Y-PSNR), and computational complexity (runtime). By switching off all those optional technologies, we observe 46.07% runtime gain with only 5.00% increase in bitrate, and 0.0423 dB decrease in Y-PSNR on average. Since this is a remarkable gain in complexity with a limited effect on efficiency and quality, this tradeoff can be taken into consideration for many 8K applications utilizing VVC.

Cited by 1

Rate-distortion analysis and control in DCT-based scalable video coding

Jun Xie · 2007

With the explosive development of computing and communication technologies, video compression technologies have advanced tremendously and have been widely used in the multimedia storage/communication in our daily life. There is a need to control the output of a video coder due to limited storage capacity (or transmission bandwidth) and the demand for high compression efficiency. Output bitrate of a video encoder and the reproduction quality at the decoder side, which are known as rate-distortion (R-D) theoretically, have been two major concerns in measuring the performance of a video compression system. To optimize the rate-distortion (R-D) performance of a video coder subject to a target R or D, video coding behaviors under different coding strategies have been extensively studied. Accurate R-D models should be based on correct understanding of video data processing in the video coder. Coding errors are introduced during the compression process and they can explicitly dictate the compressed video quality. Besides, the coding errors of the base-layer are the source of the enhancement-layer in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) scalable coding. Knowledge on the statistics of coding errors is important in R-D analysis of video coding. However, few studies have been conducted to illustrate what gives rise to the actual distribution of the coding errors. Consequently, variation of source statistics has not been taken into account in traditional R-D modeling for both generic discrete cosine transform (DCT) -based video coding and enhancement-layer coding in the SNR scalable coding. This dissertation first investigates the distribution of DCT residues. A distribution model for DCT residues is proposed by studying individual frequency components of DCT residues. It can quantitatively illustrate the distribution of DCT residues with respect to raw video and the quantization parameter. Subsequently, a distortion model and a rate model are derived based on the proposed probability distribution model. In practice, they are applied to control an MPEG-4 video coder. Second, i

Cited by 0Open access

VCGE: Video Coding Grid Environment Using H.264 Video Compression Technologies

Tao Yang, Zhiming Liu, Yuxing Peng · 2006

In this paper we propose video coding grid environment (VCGE), which is a project to provide a high performance video-coding platform in a grid-computing environment. As far, computational grids have become a vital emerging platform for high performance computing and video coding applications with high computing complexity have been used widely in many scientific research areas. We adopt the H.264 video compression technologies that are due to get high coding efficiency and high encoding performance in the new JVT while have very high computing complexity. VCGE is a combination of grid and H.264 video compression techniques on which complex video coding and other related applications can be carried out. In this paper, we discuss the infrastructure to provide the integration platform with both techniques, and give the components of the environment, which provides flexible and useful mechanism to achieve high video coding performance for video coding applications. The proposed design is very efficient for more complex video coding applications and presents us a novel video coding technology, which is leading a direction of grid application development

Cited by 1

Recent advances in perceptual H.265/HEVC video coding

Zhenzhong Chen, Yiming Li · 2015

H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), the latest video coding standard developed jointly by ITU-T and by ISO/IEC in the joint collaborative team on video coding (JCT-VC), has shown significant objective compression improvements over the last video coding standard H.264/AVC. After the establishment of H.265/HEVC, more and more attention has been paid on how to further improve the visual quality such that better coding efficiency could be achieved. In this paper, we review the progress of subjective optimization of H.265/HEVC based video coding systems and summarize the recent advances of perceptual H.265/HEVC video coding. Referring to our earlier work, we classify the current perceptual H.265/HEVC video coding technologies into two categories, vision-model based approach and signal-driven approach. Moreover, due to the new technologies such as Coding Tree Unit (CTU) structure and Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO). The future research directions for perceptual H.265/HEVC video coding are also discussed.

Cited by 3

Survey of Various Advanced Video Compression and Encryption Techniques

C. Dhanalakshmi · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · 2019

In recent decades, video compression has become the primary focus of intensive studies. Besides there is a great development in video compression technique in these days; and this technique is used in large number of applications. Video compression techniques is used to reduce and remove the less important video data and so the digital video data will be sent effectively and received over a network and stored on computer disks. In this paper, the research is set out with an idea about various techniques available for video compression. Nowadays, numerous video compression techniques were introduced. Those are with significant compression techniques, a vita land the reduced file will be gained without any loss in effect in the visual quality. H.265/HEVC exhibits higher improvement in coding performance over its predecessors. These are both VCEG and MPEG articulating the next generation norms. The overview of the advancement of these next-generation video coding initiatives and current upcoming video coding techniques was provided in this research work. Several papers and research materials were published related to these subject and some of these are taken for this research study. This survey is conducted to define the different fundamental methods available for video compression; video compression techniques application strategies ; different generations; the upcoming video compression techniques and trends; various issues parallel with the emerging technologies.

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Efficient selective encryption schemes to secure video data and moving objects information for HEVC/H.265 using advanced encryption standard / Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Saleh

Mohammed Saleh, Mohammed Ahmed · UiTM Institutional Repositories (Universiti Teknologi MARA) · 2016

Due to the huge growth in communication and digital technologies in support of multimedia sharing, video security has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Since video data representation takes up a large amount of data, it has to be minimized before being transmitted through the channels. To do so, that data has to be subjected to a compression process. This process is performed according to the video coding standard (video compression). There have been different types of video coding standards, but High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the latest video coding standard being introduced. Whereas, in the field of video security, there are several types of encryption algorithms utilized by researchers, such as Rivest- Shamir-Adleman (RSA), Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). All of those encryption algorithms are classified as asymmetric and symmetric algorithms. Since the video data is still huge even after the compression process, most researchers apply their encryption approaches on a selective part of the video data whereas the compression process is performed by a different type of coding standard. Most of the existing video encryption methods are not adequate to secure the video contents against the modern security attacks and eavesdropping. Furthermore, those methods have become impractical especially for the video sharing through the internet using the new coding standard HEVC because of the limited resources on the devices…

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Image and Video Compression With Neural Networks: A Review

Siwei Ma, Xinfeng Zhang, Chuanmin Jia et al. · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · 2019

In recent years, the image and video coding technologies have advanced by leaps and bounds. However, due to the popularization of image and video acquisition devices, the growth rate of image and video data is far beyond the improvement of the compression ratio. In particular, it has been widely recognized that there are increasing challenges of pursuing further coding performance improvement within the traditional hybrid coding framework. Deep convolution neural network which makes the neural network resurge in recent years and has achieved great success in both artificial intelligent and signal processing fields, also provides a novel and promising solution for image and video compression. In this paper, we provide a systematic, comprehensive and up-to-date review of neural network-based image and video compression techniques. The evolution and development of neural network-based compression methodologies are introduced for images and video respectively. More specifically, the cutting-edge video coding techniques by leveraging deep learning and HEVC framework are presented and discussed, which promote the state-of-the-art video coding performance substantially. Moreover, the end-to-end image and video coding frameworks based on neural networks are also reviewed, revealing interesting explorations on next generation image and video coding frameworks/standards. The most significant research works on the image and video coding related topics using neural networks are highlighted, and future trends are also envisioned. In particular, the joint compression on semantic and visual information is tentatively explored to formulate high efficiency signal representation structure for both human vision and machine vision, which are the two dominant signal receptors in the age of artificial intelligence.

Cited by 438Open access

Image and Video Compression with Neural Networks: A Review

Ma, Siwei, Zhang, Xinfeng, Jia, Chuanmin et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2019

In recent years, the image and video coding technologies have advanced by leaps and bounds. However, due to the popularization of image and video acquisition devices, the growth rate of image and video data is far beyond the improvement of the compression ratio. In particular, it has been widely recognized that there are increasing challenges of pursuing further coding performance improvement within the traditional hybrid coding framework. Deep convolution neural network (CNN) which makes the neural network resurge in recent years and has achieved great success in both artificial intelligent and signal processing fields, also provides a novel and promising solution for image and video compression. In this paper, we provide a systematic, comprehensive and up-to-date review of neural network based image and video compression techniques. The evolution and development of neural network based compression methodologies are introduced for images and video respectively. More specifically, the cutting-edge video coding techniques by leveraging deep learning and HEVC framework are presented and discussed, which promote the state-of-the-art video coding performance substantially. Moreover, the end-to-end image and video coding frameworks based on neural networks are also reviewed, revealing interesting explorations on next generation image and video coding frameworks/standards. The most significant research works on the image and video coding related topics using neural networks are highlighted, and future trends are also envisioned. In particular, the joint compression on semantic and visual information is tentatively explored to formulate high efficiency signal representation structure for both human vision and machine vision, which are the two dominant signal receptor in the age of artificial intelligence.

Cited by 0Open access

Prediction of human gaze patterns for variable quality video coding and its application to open sign language

Davies, Sam J C · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · 2009

Technological advances in telecommunications and computing power have driven a massive increase in the availability of digital video, both in the traditional broadcast environment and in on-demand scenarios such as the internet and IPTV. In order to support this increase video compression technologies have developed both to reduce bitrates but also to utilise the additional computing power available. The next step for video compression is commonly thought to be in exploitation of the Human Visual System (HVS) in perceptual coding, although this continues to suffer from the difficulty of evaluating the quality of compressed video. This thesis proposes a perceptual video compression framework - from quality estimation, through gaze estimation to variable quality coding.

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An Overview of the Core Technology of JVT Draft’s

Zheng Xiang · 2004

As one stream standard which will be produced by the ITU-T ISO in the future, Draft JVT (joint video team) is a new video-audio coding standard. Its goal is to produce a significant compression performance relative to all the existing video coding standards in bit saving, procession quality and compression efficiency by some measures which include slice technology, high resolution variable pixels, different block sizes and shapes, intra/inter prediction and coding from multiple reference pictures, etc. On the other hand, JVT would be designed to offer a transparent translation over different networks and increase network friendliness by information encapsulation and precedence control technologies. Although the basic coding framework of the standard is similar to that of currently popular video standards, JVT includes many new coding features which are presented in the paper. First, a broad view on video-audio coding standards is given. Second, the structure of JVT is presented. Then, both the detailed technologies which improve on coding efficiency of the VCL (video coding layer) and the key terms which are used in NAL (network abstraction layer) are introduced, which is the core in the paper. Finally, the current problems and the challenges of JVT抯 future research are discussed and analyzed.

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