John A. Greenwood, Peter J. Bex, Steven C. Dakin · Current Biology · 2010
Crowding is the breakdown in object recognition that occurs in cluttered visual environments and the fundamental limit on peripheral vision, affecting identification within many visual modalities and across large spatial regions. Though frequently characterized as a disruptive process through which object representations are suppressed or lost altogether, we demonstrate that crowding systematically changes the appearance of objects. In particular, target patches of visual noise that are surrounded ("crowded") by oriented Gabor flankers become perceptually oriented, matching the flankers. This was established with a change-detection paradigm: under crowded conditions, target changes from noise to Gabor went unnoticed when the Gabor orientation matched the flankers (and the illusory target percept), despite being easily detected when they differed. Rotation of the flankers (leaving target noise unaltered) also induced illusory target rotations. Blank targets led to similar results, demonstrating that crowding can induce apparent structure where none exists. Finally, adaptation to these stimuli induced a tilt aftereffect at the target location, consistent with signals from the flankers "spreading" across space. These results confirm predictions from change-based models of crowding, such as averaging, and establish crowding as a regularization process that simplifies the peripheral field by promoting consistent appearance among adjacent objects.
Cited by 107Open access
Dirk Kerzel, Josef G. Schönhammer, Nicolas Burra et al. · PLoS ONE · 2011
Numerous studies have suggested that the deployment of attention is linked to saliency. In contrast, very little is known about how salient objects are perceived. To probe the perception of salient elements, observers compared two horizontally aligned stimuli in an array of eight elements. One of them was salient because of its orientation or direction of motion. We observed that the perceived luminance contrast or color saturation of the salient element increased: the salient stimulus looked even more salient. We explored the possibility that changes in appearance were caused by attention. We chose an event-related potential indexing attentional selection, the N2pc, to answer this question. The absence of an N2pc to the salient object provides preliminary evidence against involuntary attentional capture by the salient element. We suggest that signals from a master saliency map flow back into individual feature maps. These signals boost the perceived feature contrast of salient objects, even on perceptual dimensions different from the one that initially defined saliency.
Cited by 11Open access
Dirk Kerzel, Sabine Born, Josef G. Schönhammer · Journal of Vision · 2011
It has been argued that salient stimuli capture attention automatically and rapidly. Also, it has been claimed that attention changes the appearance of objects. We investigated whether the appearance of salient stimuli differs from non-salient stimuli. Observers saw a circular array of eight bars. All but one bar were vertical. The orientation singleton differed by either 6° or 45° from vertical. Observers compared the luminance contrast of the orientation singleton to a non-salient element. The luminance contrast of the non-salient element had to be increased in order to match the singleton, showing that salient objects are perceived to have a higher luminance contrast. The increase in perceived luminance contrast was larger with highly salient (45° singleton) than with mildly salient (6° singleton) stimuli. Further, we investigated whether the perceived color saturation of an orientation singleton changed. We created equiluminant red stimuli and asked observers to judge their saturation. Unexpectedly, the mildly salient singleton appeared less saturated than the non-salient element. Consistent with our hypothesis, however, the highly salient singleton appeared more saturated. Further, we investigated whether stimuli that are salient because of their motion direction look different. One of eight drifting Gabors moved opposite to the others. Observers compared the Michelson contrast of the singleton Gabor to a non-salient Gabor. The salient Gabor appeared to have a higher contrast. Our results show that judgments of contrast and saturation are influenced by saliency. There has been a debate about the stage at which changes in appearance occur. Some have claimed that the effects reflect true perceptual changes while others maintain that the effects reflect response biases. We do not think that we can ultimately rule out response biases with behavioral measures alone, but we present some evidence against response biases for this series of experiments.
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Donna Millay · 2006
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DABVP Ryane E. Englar · 2019
Feces are the by-product of digestion. Fecal amount, shape, and consistency provide insight into gastrointestinal and systemic health. Fecal scoring is a tool that can facilitate veterinary team discussions about bowel habits. When gut transit time is lengthened, stool is retained. Retention of feces causes a net loss of fecal moisture, and the stool becomes drier. Fecal balls are more likely to form and back up in the descending colon. The consequence of this is constipation. Constipation can result from decreased mobility, increased fiber, certain medications such as opioids, mechanical obstruction, metabolic disease, neuromuscular disease, painful defecation, iron supplementation, or lead toxicosis. Idiopathic megacolon is a common cause of constipation in cats. Recurrent bouts of constipation may lead to permanent colonic distension and obstipation. At the other end of the spectrum is diarrhea. Diarrhea may result from increased gut wall permeability, hypermotility syndromes involving the intestinal tract, osmotically active but poorly digested medications such as lactulose, bacterial toxins, decreased absorptive surfaces, and overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Diarrhea may be further classified into small bowel and large bowel diarrhea. Small bowel diarrhea is characterized by voluminous amounts of stool and weight loss, without mucus or tenesmus. If blood is present in the diarrheic stool, it is in the form of melena. This signifies that there is an upper bowel bleed. Small bowel diarrhea is most often associated with dietary indiscretion, viral enteritis, and parasitic enteritis. Bacterial enteritis is possible, but rare. Large bowel diarrhea involves smaller amounts than small bowel diarrhea. Large bowel diarrhea contains excess mucus, and tends to cause straining. Fresh red streaks of blood may also be apparent. This signifies that the patient has a lower bowel bleed. Large bowel diarrhea, with or without hematochezia, is often the result of dietary indiscretion or endoparasitism. This chapter aims to clarify common causes of small and large bowel diarrhea, and provides a starting point for the diagnostic investigation of acute diarrhea. Chronic enteropathies, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic colitis, are beyond the scope of this chapter. However, recognize that these causes of chronic diarrhea do exist and require interventions when all other causes of diarrhea have been effectively ruled out.
Cited by 3Open access
J. M. L. G. Á. Campo, Henk Nijman, Harald Merckelbach et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2002
Anecdotal reports suggest that drastic changes in physical appearance may signal decompensation in schizophrenic patients. The current study sought to explore the association between changes in appearance and psychotic vulnerability in a systematic fashion. 171 undergraduates completed the Physical Appearance Scale (PAS) that assesses frequency and nature ofchanges in outlooks, along with a Schizotypy Scale (STA), the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Fear Questionnaire (FQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). A modest but significant correlation was found between Physical Appearance Scale scores and STA‐scores. For the other symptom measures (i.e. MOCI, FQ and BDI), no association with changes in physical appearance emerged. The findings suggest that drastic changes of the physical are specifically linked to schizotypal dispositions and may point to a underlying vulnerability for developing schizophrenia. The clinical implications of the connection between marked changes in outlooks and psychosis are addressed.
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Joost á Campo, Henk Nijman, Harald Merckelbach · Psychiatry · 2001
Cited by 4Open access
Julie Dorsey Massachusetts, Julie Dorsey, Hans Khling Pedersen et al. · 1996
An important, largely unexplored area of computer image generation is the simulation of weathering and its effects on appearance. Weathering results from the interaction of the environment with the materials in the world. The flow of water is one of the most pervasive and important natural forces involved in the weathering of materials, producing a distinctive set of patterns of washes and stains. This paper presents an intuitive phenomenological model for the flow of water over surfaces that is capable of generating such changes in appearance. We model the flow as a particle system, each particle representing a "drop" of water. The motion of the water particles is controlled by parameters such as gravity, friction, wind, roughness, and constraints that force the particles to maintain contact with the surface. The chemical interaction of the water with the surface materials is governed by a set of coupled differential equations describing both the rate of absorption of water by the su...
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R.William Quinlan, Amelia C. Cruz, William C. Buhi et al. · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · 1982
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Joost á Campo, Henk Nijman, Harald Merckelbach et al. · Behavioural Pharmacology · 2000
s: Abstract of a Workshop on Schizophrenia, a joint meeting of the European Behavioural Pharmacological Society and the Dutch Interdisciplinary Socity for Biological Psychiatry, Amsterdam, 21–24 June 2000
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Julie Dorsey, Hans Køhling Pedersen, Pat Hanrahan · 2005
An important, largely unexplored area of computer image generation is the simulation of weathering and its effects on appearance. Weathering results from the interaction of the environment with the materials in the world. The flow of water is one of the most pervasive and important natural forces involved in the weathering of materials, producing a distinctive set of patterns of washes and stains. This paper presents an intuitive phenomenological model for the flow of water over surfaces that is capable of generating such changes in appearance.We model the flow as a particle system, each particle representing a "drop" of water. The motion of the water particles is controlled by parameters such as gravity, friction, wind, roughness, and constraints that force the particles to maintain contact with the surface. The chemical interaction of the water with the surface materials is governed by a set of coupled differential equations describing both the rate of absorption of water by the surface and the rate of solubility and sedimentation of deposits on the surface. To illustrate the power of this simple model, we show examples of flows over complex geometries made from different materials; the resulting patterns are striking and very difficult to achieve using traditional texturing techniques.
Cited by 5
Bradley W. Kimmel · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · 2017
The fading of materials due to light exposure over time is a major contributor to the overall aged \nappearance of man-made objects. Although much attention has been devoted to the modeling of \naging and weathering phenomena over the last decade, comparatively little attention has been paid \nto fading effects. In this dissertation, we present a theoretical framework for the physically-based \nsimulation of time-dependent spectral changes induced by absorbed radiation. This framework \nrelies on the general volumetric radiative transfer theory, and it employs a physicochemical approach \nto account for variations in the absorptive properties of colourants. Employing this framework, a \nlayered fading model that can be readily integrated into existing rendering systems is developed \nusing the Kubelka-Munk theory. We evaluate its correctness through comparisons of measured \nand simulated fading results. Challenges in the acquisition of reliable measurements are discussed. \nThe performance characteristics of the proposed model are analysed, and techniques for improving \nthe runtime cost are outlined. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this model through \nrenderings depicting typical fading scenarios.
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Kerri McPherson · Elsevier eBooks · 2012
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Laura Hurd Clarke · Elsevier eBooks · 2012
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Karina J. Kersbergen (498484), Manon J. N. L. Benders (283736), Floris Groenendaal (283739) et al. · Figshare · 2015
<p>This figure depicts the changes in appearance of PWML between both scans. Early imaging is represented on the left and term equivalent imaging on the right. The number of infants per category is depicted by the thickness of the arrow and also printed above each arrow. Especially cluster and mixed lesions will change appearance, whereas linear lesions remain linear in the majority of the infants, or are no longer visible at TEA. At the right side of the figure, infants are depicted that only showed PWML at TEA.</p>
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Terry Trosper Schaeffer, M. Healey, Chail Norton · Technical programs and proceedings/Technical program and proceedings · 2000
Several types of ink jet prints, each containing cyan, magenta, yellow, black and grey areas, were exposed to various indoor lighting conditions that can cause fading or other appearance changes. Alterations in appearance were monitored by reflectance spectroscopy with a portable spectrodensitometer. Both CIE L*a*b* and Density T values were recorded for each measurement made during the course of the exposures. The instrument is capable of detecting trends of change in the samples before any appearance changes are noticeable by eye. The data have been evaluated to determine which system of describing appearance is more sensitive for detection of fading, for each of the colors used.North skylight, which was filtered through window glass and thus contained a substantial component of UV A, was used to cause rapid fading of some samples. Light exposures that mimicked museum exhibition conditions - tungsten lighting filtered through UV blocking plastic glazing - were also used. As expected, the colorants were much less fugitive in these latter conditions. Most colors withstood total experimental exposures equivalent to that which would be endured over several thousand hours of gallery exhibition, before the extent of change detected was considered significant.
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Jiří Sobek · Digital Repository (National Repository of Grey Literature) · 2014
The study is focused on changes the aesthetic appearance of polyester fleece due to use of improper glue.
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Stephen G. Pauker · Annals of Internal Medicine · 2014
Letters2 December 2014Burden of Changes in Generic Pill AppearanceStephen Pauker, MDStephen Pauker, MDFrom Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L14-5028-2 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Kesselheim and colleagues (1) provide data on the burden of changes in the appearance of generic drugs in terms of patients' discontinuing their generic medications. Although this is an important finding, it is only the tip of the iceberg of the risk associated with generic medications. As a caregiver for my elderly mother and as a patient—with both my mother and me having a suite of chronic conditions that require multiple medications—I believe that a far greater problem is that changes in the appearance of generic pills greatly increase the likelihood of medication errors.Although all medications ...Reference1. Kesselheim AS, Bykov K, Avorn J, Tong A, Doherty M, Choudhry NK. Burden of changes in pill appearance for patients receiving generic cardiovascular medications after myocardial infarction: cohort and nested case–control studies. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:96-103. [PMID: 25023248] doi:10.7326/M13-2381 LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Stephen Pauker, MDAffiliations: From Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.Disclosures: Authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=L14-0453. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoBurden of Changes in Pill Appearance for Patients Receiving Generic Cardiovascular Medications After Myocardial Infarction Aaron S. Kesselheim , Katsiaryna Bykov , Jerry Avorn , Angela Tong , Michael Doherty , and Niteesh K. Choudhry Burden of Changes in Generic Pill Appearance Kathleen Uhl and John R. Peters Burden of Changes in Generic Pill Appearance Aaron S. Kesselheim , Niteesh K. Choudhry , and Jerry Avorn Metrics 2 December 2014Volume 161, Issue 11Page: 839KeywordsCaregiversConflicts of interestDisclosureDrugsElderlyFood and Drug AdministrationSafetyVision ePublished: 2 December 2014 Issue Published: 2 December 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
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Xuan Weifeng · 2011
Objective To explore the ultrasonic appearance and pathologic changes of pilomatricoma.Methods Thirty-five patients with pilomatricoma were confirmed by surgery and pathology,their ultrasonic appearance and pathologic changes were compared and analyzed.Results Thirty-five patients were divided into calcific group and no-calcific group,including 27 cases of calcification type and 8 cases of no-calcification type.The punctiform and magnophyric strong echo was observed in 22 cases of calcification type,and strong echo with shadow in 5 cases.While there was no calcification strong echo in 8 cases of no-calcification type,6 cases were diagnosed by ultrasonography(75%),1 case was misdiagnosed as sebaceous cyst,the other 1 case was misdiagnosed as mixed tumor of parotid gland.A lot of shadow cells arranged as lamellar with basophilic cells were observed under the electron microscope.Conlusion Calcification is the pathological basis of different strong echo in ultrasonography,shadow cell is the specific pathological appearance in diagnosis of pilomatricoma.Pilomatricoma has certain ultrasonic characteristics,which can improve the preoperative diagnosis of this disease.
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Petersen, Signe Beck · 2010
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