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About 10,000 papers for “class separation”

Social Class Separation

Michael S. Merry · 2013

In Chapters 5 and 6 I examined specific instances of voluntary separation (VS) within an educational context. Both case studies focused on specific visible minority groups whose position in the societies they inhabit can be fairly described as disadvantaged or stigmatized, albeit to varying degrees depending on other factors, like social class, gender, sexuality, and immigrant status. Moreover, both case studies illustrate and exemplify VS in the form of concrete educational experiments whose aims are both to reduce the effects of stigma and to produce positive outcomes in terms of creatively reproducing cultural and/or religious identities as well as in terms of enhancing equality and citizenship. As I indicated in Chapter 1, education is certainly not the only area of life in which these goods can be pursued. For instance, as we saw in Chapter 4, communities often facilitate a variety of opportunities for and expressions of civic virtue. This means that fostering greater self-respect also may be pursued in countless ways within minority communities where spatial concentration is the norm. But owing to its central role in the lives of most people, education represents a uniquely institutionalized response to the problems of inequality and stigma.

Cited by 0

Globin reduction improves class separation.

Ze Tian (85583), Nathan Palmer (264897), Patrick Schmid (264898) et al. · Figshare · 2015

<p>The panel on the top shows a heatmap of the marker genes in the pre-globin reduction data, with gender labels for the experiments on the columns and gene identifiers on the rows. Student's t-test p-values are also shown on the rows, describing the statistical separation between the male and female intensity distributions. The panel on the bottom shows a heatmap of the same marker genes in the post-globin reduction data. The post-globin reduction data shows a clear improvement in biological signal. These genes were identified, as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005157#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>, by repeated ranking for discriminatory power based on the ReliefF algorithm.</p>

Cited by 0Open access

Adversarial Barrier in Uniform Class Separation

Rosko, Milan · ArXiv.org · 2025

We identify a strong structural obstruction to Uniform Separation in constructive arithmetic. The mechanism is independent of semantic content; it emerges whenever two distinct evaluator predicates are sustained in parallel and inference remains uniformly representable in an extension of HA. Under these conditions, any putative Uniform Class Separation principle becomes a distinguished instance of a fixed point construction. The resulting limitation is stricter in scope than classical separation barriers (Baker; Rudich; Aaronson et al.) insofar as it constrains the logical form of uniform separation within HA, rather than limiting particular relativizing, naturalizing, or algebrizing techniques.

Cited by 0Open access

Adversarial Barrier in Uniform Class Separation

Rosko, Milan · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2025

We identify a strong structural obstruction to Uniform Separation in constructive arithmetic. The mechanism is independent of semantic content; it emerges whenever two distinct evaluator predicates are sustained in parallel and inference remains uniformly representable in an extension of HA. Under these conditions, any putative Uniform Class Separation principle becomes a distinguished instance of a fixed point construction. The resulting limitation is stricter in scope than classical separation barriers (Baker; Rudich; Aaronson et al.) insofar as it constrains the logical form of uniform separation within HA, rather than limiting particular relativizing, naturalizing, or algebrizing techniques.

Cited by 0Open access

Separation of Powers and the Class Action

Mark Møller · Insecta mundi · 2015

I. Introduction II. The Need for a New Theory of Litigant Autonomy … A. Some Terminology ... B. The Litigant Autonomy Conundrum ... 1. The Anti-Balancing Puzzle ... 2. Solutions to the Puzzle? ... a. Litigant Autonomy as a Fundamental Right ... b. Litigant Autonomy as a “Substantive Right” ... c. The Problem with the “Substantive Right” Argument ... C. The Need for a New Theory III. A Separation of Powers (and Federalism) Theory of Litigant Autonomy ... A. Class Actions and the Federal-State Balance ... 1. Class Actions Expand What Gets on the Federal Judicial Agenda ... 2. Class Actions Expand the Scope of Federal (Judicial) Preemption ... B. A New Separation of Powers Argument for Construing Rule 23 Narrowly ... 1. Private Law Standing as a Component of the System of Concurrency … 2. Entrenchment of Private Law Standing Principles by the Separation of Powers ... C. Consistency of the Approach with the Application of Separation of Powers in Other Contexts ... 1. Antisuit Injunctions ... 2. Jurisdiction ... 3. Erie and Hanna ... 4. Implied Rights of Action ... 5. Congress’s Control of the Concurrency System … D. Miscellaneous Objections ... 1. “What about the Rules Enabling Act?” ... 2. “What about the Class Action Fairness Act?” ... 3. “There is no federal common law!” ... 4. “I don’t like the outcome.” IV. Conclusion

Cited by 0

Age-Class Separation of Blue-Winged Ducks

William L. Hohman, Joseph L. Moore, Daniel J. Twedt et al. · Journal of Wildlife Management · 1995

Accurate determination of age is of fundamental importance to population and life history studies of waterfowl and their management. Therefore, we developed quantitative methods that separate adult and immature blue-winged teal (Anas discors), cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera), and northern shovelers (A. clypeata) during spring and summer. To assess suitability of discriminant models using 9 remigial measurements, we compared model performance (% agreement between predicted age and age assigned to birds on the basis of definitive cloacal or rectral feather characteristics) in different flyways (Mississippi and Pacific) and between years (1990-91 and 1991-92). We also applied age-classification models to wings obtained from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service harvest surveys in the Mississippi and Central-Pacific flyways (wing-bees) for which age had been determined using qualitative characteristics (i.e., remigial markings, shape, or wear). Except for male northern shovelers, models correctly aged <90% (range 70-86%) of blue-winged ducks. Model performance varied among species and differed between sexes and years. Proportions of individuals that were correctly aged were greater for males (range 63-86%) than females (range 39-69%). Models for northern shovelers performed better in flyway comparisons within year (1991-92, La. model applied to Calif. birds, and Calif. model applied to La. birds: 90 and 94% for M, and 89 and 76% for F, respectively) than in annual comparisons within the Mississippi Flyway (1991-92 model applied to 1990-91 data: 79% for M, 50% for F). Exclusion of measurements that varied by flyway or year did not improve model performance. Quantitative methods appear to be of limited value for age separation of female blue-winged ducks. Close agreement between predicted age and age assigned to wings from the wing-bees suggests that qualitative and quantitative methods may be equally accurate for age separation of male blue-winged ducks. We interpret annual and flyway differences in remigial measurements and reduced performance of age classification models as evidence of high variability in size of blue-winged ducks' remiges. Variability in remigial size of these and other smallbodied waterfowl may be related to nutrition during molt.

Cited by 5

Class-conditional Embeddings for Music Source Separation

Prem Seetharaman, Gordon Wichern, Shrikant Venkataramani et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2019

Isolating individual instruments in a musical mixture has a myriad of potential applications, and seems imminently achievable given the levels of performance reached by recent deep learning methods. While most musical source separation techniques learn an independent model for each instrument, we propose using a common embedding space for the time-frequency bins of all instruments in a mixture inspired by deep clustering and deep attractor networks. Additionally, an auxiliary network is used to generate parameters of a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) where the posterior distribution over GMM components in the embedding space can be used to create a mask that separates individual sources from a mixture. In addition to outperforming a mask-inference baseline on the MUSDB-18 dataset, our embedding space is easily interpretable and can be used for query-based separation.

Cited by 2Open access

Genes Involved in Centrosome Separation (Class IV)

Jeroen Dobbelaere (270956), Filipe Josué (270957), Saskia Suijkerbuijk (270958) et al. · Figshare · 2015

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;(A) S2R+ cells treated with dsRNA against GFP (control), Aurora A (aur), and UbcD6 were stained with Hoechst (DNA, blue), DSas-4 (a centriole marker, red), and Cnn (a PCM marker, green). Inset shows a 4× magnified view.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(B) Recruitment of DSpd-2 (green) and γ-tubulin (red) after dsRNA treatment for control, Aurora A, and UbcD6. DNA is shown in blue, and inset shows a 4× magnified view.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(C and D) Analysis of centriole (C) and centrosome (D) numbers in mitotic cells after RNAi treatment. More than 30 mitotic cells were counted in two independent experiments.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(E) Analysis of PCM size in mitotic cells after RNAi treatment. The graph represents the mean intensity of PCM staining (Cnn) from three independent experiments, each analysing more than 20 centrosomes. The lighter bars labelled with a Δ represent the PCM recruitment to the subset of the centrosomes that contained only one centriole dot. Error bars represent the SE. An asterisk (*) marks &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ≤ 0.05 compared to control. This analysis suggests that PCM recruitment is impaired in cells depleted of Aurora A and UbcD6, but this effect is masked by the clustering of multiple centrosomes together.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;Scale bar in (A and B) represents 5 μm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Cited by 0Open access

Predefined Prototypes for Intra-Class Separation and Disentanglement

Antonio Almudévar, Théo Mariotte, Alfonso Ortega et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2024

Prototypical Learning is based on the idea that there is a point (which we call prototype) around which the embeddings of a class are clustered. It has shown promising results in scenarios with little labeled data or to design explainable models. Typically, prototypes are either defined as the average of the embeddings of a class or are designed to be trainable. In this work, we propose to predefine prototypes following human-specified criteria, which simplify the training pipeline and brings different advantages. Specifically, in this work we explore two of these advantages: increasing the inter-class separability of embeddings and disentangling embeddings with respect to different variance factors, which can translate into the possibility of having explainable predictions. Finally, we propose different experiments that help to understand our proposal and demonstrate empirically the mentioned advantages.

Cited by 0Open access

Case study: Separation logic with first-class functions

Cambridge University Press eBooks · 2014

In a conventional separation logic we have a “maps-to” operator a ↦ b saying that the heap contains (exactly) one cell at address a containing value b. This operator in the separation logic corresponds to the load and store operators of the operational semantics.

Cited by 0

Stochastic spectral unmixing with enhanced endmember class separation

Michael T. Eismann, Russell C. Hardie · Applied Optics · 2004

Improvements to an algorithm for performing spectral unmixing of hyperspectral imagery based on the stochastic mixing model (SMM) are presented. The SMM provides a method for characterizing both subpixel mixing of the pure image constituents, or endmembers, and statistical variation in the endmember spectra that is due, for example, to sensor noise and natural variability of the pure constituents. Modifications of the iterative, expectation maximization approach to deriving the SMM parameter estimates are proposed, and their effects on unmixing performance are characterized. These modifications specifically concern algorithm initialization, random class assignment, and mixture constraints. The results show that the enhanced stochastic mixing model provides a better statistical representation of hyperspectral imagery from the perspective of achieving greater endmember class separation.

Cited by 26

Class separation of bufadienolides on Thiol-Click-COOH SPE

Yun Zhang, Xinmiao Liang, Aijin Shen et al. · Scientia Sinica Chimica · 2015

<p indent="0mm">A novel method was developed for class separation of bufadienolides based on the new solid phase extraction (SPE) meterial Thiol-Click-COOH. The method utilized the distinct ionic feature of the amino acid conjugated bufadienolides (AACBs) and the free form bufadienolides (AAUBs) was developed for the class separation of total bufadienolides for the first time. Firstly, the new SPE method was evaluated by the corresponding high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The two reference substances of bufadienolides, telocinobufagin (AAUB) and telocinobufagin-3-suberoyl arginine (AACB) and a Thiol-Click-COOH column were selected for simulating the process of SPE. The results indicated that the telocinobufagin and the telocinobufagin-3-suberoyl arginine could be divided into two parties on the column. Secondly, the additive, the maximum loading amount and the recovery of this SPE method were studied and the results were evaluated via HPLC. The maximum loading amount was 3% on a SPE cartridge <sc>(200 mg).</sc> The range of recovery was 96.6%–99.6% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.6%. Moreover, we also found that the adding of acetic acid was conducive to the retention of AACBs on the SPE cartridge and the dissolution of the sample. Finally, the total sample of bufadienolides was separated by this method and validated by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Bufadienolides of toad skin were separated completely into two classes, amino acid-unconjugated bufadienolides (AAUBs)and amino acid-conjugated bufadienolides (AACBs). 24 AAUBs' peaks and 20 AACBs' peaks were obtained from the total bufadienolides. There were 17 peaks more than that of total bufadienolides. These results indicated that AACBs and AAUBs could be clearly divided into two groups by the SPE method. Since the strategy of class separation was successfully implemented, the co-elution problem was resolved. The eluents of the SPE method were ethanol and formic acid without water and salts, which will simplify the further purification.

Cited by 0