Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation · CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) · 1989
Biotechnology has an important role to play in helping developing countries feed themselves and this science is already used to improve the staple crops of their regions. But the effectiveness of scientific effort is reduced by lack of coordination, legal constraints and poor exchange of information. That was the verdict of more than 50 Third World biotechnologists who met in Luxembourg from June 26 to 30 1989 with 100 First World scientists, policymakers and representatives of donor agencies for a symposium on 'Plant Biotechnologies for Developing Countries' organized by CTA with FAO. \n\n\n\nThe symposium addressed the problems of why tropical crops are left behind temperate ones in the advances made by biotechnology, and proposed ways in which international organizations, such as CTA and FAO, could and should help the developing world to benefit more from the improvements biotechnology can bring. \n\n\n\nOne of the difficulties of any action plan is the wide range of research that the term 'biotechnology' encompasses. The delegates all plant biotechnologists, ranged from molecular biologists, working in the laboratory, to plant breeders, in the field. Although the broad objectives of their various researches are the same, the resources and support they need are very different. \n\n\n\nTraditional farmers of the developing countries will not only benefit from this new science, but they can also play a vital role in making it possible. Over the generations their careful use of seeds has made them the custodians of much of the genetic material that biotechnologists need. When a genetic engineer wants to make a particular improvement to a crop, he looks for another plant which has the property he requires. This plant can be used as the source of the gene that determines the desired property. Today, many of the best sources of this valuable genetic material are the old varieties of crops, that small-scale local farmers still grow. Another rich source of useful genes is the many millions of species of wild plants of the Tropics. \n\n\n\nThis is less widely recognized in the commercial world. There is a race between many of the top international companies to patent naturally-occurring genes which they have identified. Then, anyone who uses these genes will have to make some form of licence-payment to the patent-holder. This system is the subject of much controversy around the world, but feelings are especially strong in the countries from which the genetic material comes. African and Asian scientists can see little reason why they should pay a North American or European company for the right to use plant material that originated in their own country. \n\n\n\nDespite these legal technicalities, scientists are concerned that the benefits of their research are felt as quickly as possible. In Luxembourg, tuber breeders from Peru, date palm experts from Morocco and tea specialists from India met with many other fellow-biotechnologists from the developing countries and advised international agencies how they can help speedup the pace of the biotechnolony revolution. The scientific capability is often already present, but scientists need help to coordinate their efforts and to avoid duplication, and assistance with training and transfer of genetic materials. The delegates left Luxembourg encouraged that both CTA and FAO have made firm commitments to ensure that biotech nology has its place as an important science for the Third World in the Third World. \n\n\n\nThe proceedings of this conference will be available in due course from CTA. Their publication will be announced in SPORE as soon as the detailed work of assimilation and checking is done. \n\n\n\nSPORE will be covering more aspects of biotechnology in future issues.
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Morteza Nemati, Ghasem Raisi, Elite Club Arsanjan Branch · 2016
Nowadays,\t improvement\tin\tincome\tdistribution\tand\tpoverty\teradication\tand\thence\tlow\tinequality\tare served as\tthe\tmain\tobjectives\tof\teconomic\tand\tsocial\tdevelopment\tstrategy\teven\tprior\tthan\tprimary tasks of\tgovernments. to\tmanifest\timportance\tof\tincome\tdistribution,\t some\teconomists\tadopt\tincome inequality and\t income\t distribution\t in\t society\t as\t criteria\t for\t economic\t system\t of\t the\t community, although these\tcriteria\tand\tmeasures\tare\ttheoretical\tfor\tthe\teconomic\tsystem\tand\tthis\tvaries\tfrom\tthe perspective of\tdifferent\tpeople,\t however,\t it\tdenotes\ton\t \t importance\tof\t income\tdistribution\tamong individuals. The\tmain\tobjective\tof\tthis\tstudy\twas\tto\tevaluate\tthe\teffect\tof\teconomic\tgrowth\ton\tincome inequality in\tthe\tselection\tof\tlow-income\tdeveloping\tcountries. To this\tend,\t using\tpanel\tdata\tand\tdata\tfor\t28\tdeveloping\tcountries\tover\tthe\tperiod\t1990-2010\tthe relationship between\tGDP\tand\t the\tGini\t coefficient\twas\t examined. The\t results\t indicate\t that\t as\tper hypothesis Kuznets\tin\tthe\tearly\tstages\tof\tgrowth,\t income\tinequality\tincreases\tand\tthen\tit\tdeclines\tin later stage. Key words: Income inequality;
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Thanh Ngoc Nguyen, Thanh Ngoc Nguyen · 2007
OSS for health care in developing countries: Comparative case studies of DHIS2 and patient based systems in Ethiopia and Vietnam
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Ali M. Abd El-moneim, B. Van Dorrestein, M. Baum et al. · 1999
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Collin, J, Gilmore, A · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · 2004
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Masami Kojima · 2009
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Samuel O. Idowu, René Schmidpeter, Nicholas Capaldi et al. · 2023
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2013
This chapter covers issues of neonatal infections that are primarily relevant to developing countries. The majority of deliveries in developing countries take place in the home, not at a health-care facility. The presence of a skilled birth attendant is one of the most important factors in a good neonatal outcome. It is important to be able to use simple clinical criteria to identify neonates in the community with systemic sepsis and/or pneumonia. The predominant pathogens causing early-onset infections in many developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East are Gram-negative enteric bacilli, particularly Klebsiella species and E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The appropriate choice of empiric antibiotics depends on the antibiotic susceptibility of local organisms causing neonatal sepsis. It is important to show that interventions are cost-effective in comparison to other competing health-care interventions.
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Jos Frijns, Phung Thuy Phuong, A.P.J. Mol · Environmental Politics · 2000
As Ecological Modernisation Theory has been developed against the background of European industrialised societies, the value and applicability of Ecological Modernisation Theory for developing or industrialising economies is often questioned. This article explores this controversy by taking Viet Nam as a case study. The analysis of environmental restructuring of contemporary economic developments in Viet Nam focuses on three major issues: state‐market relations, technology development, and environmental awareness. Regarding all three issues major deviations are found from an environmental reform trajectory as hypothesised by Ecological Modernisation Theory. The study thus concludes that Ecological Modernisation Theory is of limited value for analysing contemporary processes of and attempts at environmental reform in Viet Nam. However, recent developments in Viet Nam such as economic liberalisation, privatisation and internationalisation and the slowly starting democratisation of governance offer ecological modernisation‐inspired opportunities to incorporate environmental considerations in the economic development of Viet Nam. If Ecological Modernisation Theory is to be used to outline a feasible path of environmental reform, it has to be refined, however, to fit the specific local conditions and institutional developments of industrialising countries.
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Hili Tao Mda · 2016
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Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Petros C. Mavroidis et al. · Oxford University Press eBooks · 2015
Abstract This chapter focuses on efforts to nuance the GATT framework to accommodate the needs of developing countries. It details the introduction of the Enabling Clause — the decision of the GATT Contracting Parties, which allowed (‘enabled’) deviations from the most favoured nation (MFN) rate in favour of goods originating from developing countries to become a permanent feature of the GATT, and now the WTO legal order. The key elements and beneficiaries of the Enabling Clause as well as other provisions on special and differential treatment are also discussed.
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Goitom Tesfom, Clemens Lutz, Pervez Ghauri · 2015
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Planning and Transport Research and Computation (International) Co. Ltd., London (United Kingdom) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · 1983
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Biotechnology · 2005
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Carl Dahlman, A Forum For Policymakers · 2007
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Nicola Ranger, Susannah Fisher · 2012
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................... 3
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2001
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Aline Fajeta-Martínez, Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso · 2026
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Balasubramanyan Sugavanam, Xie Tianjian · Humana Press eBooks · 2003
Bloand botanical pesticides are often grouped together in developing countries as possible alternatives to chemical pesticides. In reality, botanic pesticides are no different from chemical pesticides, but blopestlcides are all far removed from them. Botanical pesticides derived from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cznerariaefolium), derrls roots, neem, and so on, have been known for many decades, but occupy only a very small fraction of the overall pesticide market, which is now worth almost $28 billion, and is likely to grow to $34 billion by the year 1998. Some of the well-known botanical pesticides will fail today’s strict and exhaustive reglstratlon requirements. However, the botanical pesticides gave ideal models for sclentlsts to modify structure and optimize biological activity The synthetic pyrethroids revolutionized the pesticide industry in the 1970s, and today share more than a $2 billion market. In the 1980s and 1990s, based on mcotine and strobilurin, major inventions were made in bringing to the market compounds, such as Bayer’s (Germany) imidacloprid () and ICI (UK) A5504 (azoxystrobm) (), shown in Fig. 1. In addition, BASF also has invented a strobilurin analog called kresoxlme methyl (BAS490F). These will have a big impact in the plant fungicide market. In these mventlons, traditional structure-activity relationship, partition coefficients, mode-of-action studies, and computer graphics have been utilized by synthetic chemists to invent key molecules that could fit the relevant enzyme surface, like lock and key, to invoke the needed biological activity and at the same time not interfere with mammalian and aquatic species and not accumulate in the environment. Open image in new window Fig 1 Chemicals recently synthesized using natural products as lead compounds
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Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture · 2003
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