José R. Portillo (5745764), Fernando Soler-Toscano (561689), José A. Langa (5745761) · Figshare · 2022
<p>Graph with six nodes (top left) where a dynamics is defined by means of a Lotka-Volterra cooperative system with <i>α</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> and <i>γ</i><sub><i>ij</i></sub> parameters as shown in the tables below. The attractor associated to the system, the <i>information structure</i> (IS) is shown on the right. Its eight nodes correspond to non-negative stationary points in the dynamics of the system. These stationary points are characterised by the value of each node in the system. The nodes <i>u</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> shown in white indicate that <i>u</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> = 0 at the corresponding point of the IS. Black nodes indicate that <i>u</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> > 0. Links between nodes <i>u</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> and <i>u</i><sub><i>j</i></sub> are those in the system (top left) where both <i>u</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>, <i>u</i><sub><i>j</i></sub> > 0. The blue arrows linking different points of the IS represent transitions going from one stationary solution (limit with time approaching −∞) to another (when time approaches + ∞). For clarity, transitive arrows are not shown.</p>
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Denis Paperno · Mandenkan · 2014
This section gives a preliminary overview of the ways to express information structure in Beng. I do not attempt to undertake a proper semantic analysis of the constructions in question, only providing their rough equivalents in English. Usually, a constituent F marked for its information structure status is located before the rest of the sentence S. If F is a verb phrase, which has to take the form of nominalization when topicalized or focalized, compare (266), F is replaced in the main clau...
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University of Wales Press eBooks · 2018
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The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders · 2019
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Beáta Gyuris · 2020
This contribution reviews how the information structure of utterances is encoded in various natural languages. We look at different strategies for marking the focus–background, topic–comment, and given–new dimensions in different languages, as well as the consequences of selected marking strategies for truth‐conditional interpretation. Special attention is paid to Hungarian, where formal means of encoding some of the information structural dimensions listed above also have an impact on the truth conditions.
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Enoch O. Aboh · Oxford University Press eBooks · 2016
Abstract This chapter discusses the cartographic approach to clause structure according to which information structure directly relates to syntactic heads that project within the clausal left periphery. This view is supported by data from languages in which information-structure-sensitive notions (e.g. topic, focus) are encoded by means of discourse markers that trigger various constituent displacement rules. Such empirical facts are compatible with the cartographic view in which lexical choices condition information packaging and clause structure. Put together, the cross-linguistic data presented in this chapter indicate that [FOCUS], [TOPIC], and [INTERROGATIVE] represent formal features that are properties of lexical elements and may sometimes trigger generalized-piping and snowballing movement.
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Jeanette Κ. Gundel, Thorstein Fretheim · Handbook of pragmatics highlights · 2009
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Robert D. Van Valin, Randy J. LaPolla · Syntax · 1997
Whenever a sentence is uttered or written, it is done so in a particular communicative context, and for the addressee to correctly interpret the communicative intent of the speaker/writer, the addressee must interpret the sentence in that same context. But as this context goes far beyond the immediate linguistic context to include assumptions of many different types, identification of the proper context by the addressee is not always possible, and so misunderstandings can take place. In order to decrease the chance of misunderstanding, the speaker, in creating the sentence, tailors the form of the sentence to allow the hearer to create the proper context for interpretation with minimal processing effort. For his part, the hearer assumes that the sentence will be tailored in just this way, and so takes the first proposition that comes to mind as the one the speaker intended to communicate, and the first associated set of contextual assumptions that come to his mind as the intended background assumptions. A crucial aspect of this tailoring is the distribution of information in the sentence, which we will call the ‘information structure’ of the sentence (similar to what the Prague School linguists called ‘the functional sentence perspective’). To give one simple example, in the most common type of situation this generally means that the NP referring to the topic that is being spoken about will come first, and the expression of the comment being made about the topic will follow.
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Yuzhi Shi · Cambridge University Press eBooks · 2023
This chapter shows that there were fundamental changes in two types of information structure: one is at the clause level, involving the arrangement of new and given information, and the other is at the predicate level, involving the arrangement of resultative and non-resultative (accompanying) information. The first is cross-linguistically true and can be found in many other languages; the second may be particular to the language and has thus far been known to exist only in Chinese. Throughout the entire history of Chinese grammar, these two principles of information organization are critical for understanding how the grammar has evolved over time. On the one hand, both reflect the results of grammatical developments; on the other hand, they motivated a series of significant changes in history that together have largely shaped the grammatical system of Contemporary Chinese.
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Ina Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, Matthias Schlesewsky · 2009
Abstract The question of how the processing of sentence-internal relations is constrained by the discourse context in which these sentences occur has long been a major topic of investigation in the psycholinguistic literature (e.g. Crain and Steedman 1985). Whereas early studies within this domain were mainly concerned with factors such as referentiality and plausibility (see also Chapter 11), recent years have seen an increasing interest in possible influences of information structure.
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Annie Zaenen · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2023
The first section of this chapter gives an overview of the conceptual discussions in information structure (IS), and the second section describes the LFG work in the area. The third section intends to be an exhaustive overview of the LFG work on IS.
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Picus Sizhi Ding · 2011
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Naijing Liu · PARADISEC · 2024
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Nomi Erteschik‐Shir · 2007
Subject Philosophy of Language Semantics Cognitive Neuroscience Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
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Betty J. Birner, Gregory Ward · Blackwell Publishing eBooks · 2008
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Laura Wagner, Cecile McKee · Cambridge University Press eBooks · 2023
Chapter 11 opens by asking readers to imagine what different kinds of people likely know and don’t know. For example, everyone knows that things fall when you drop them. But details of social etiquette and childhood memories will vary across people. This exercise relates to the Maxim of Manner, which focuses on brevity, clarity, and orderliness for contributions to successful conversations. Information structure is central here: Learning is enhanced when learners meet given or familiar information before new or unfamiliar information. In other words, we build on what we already know. One reason that this point is critical to public engagement is that we compute meaning for words and sentences as we hear/read them. The Worked Example uses a demonstration in which we write people’s names in the International Phonetic Alphabet to compare two orders for presenting critical information. This chapter’s Closing Worksheet asks readers to write down an ideal interaction they want with the demonstrations they are developing and then to change the order of the elements around.
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John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · 2018
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Vadim Kimmelman, Roland Pfau · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · 2021
This chapter discusses the terminology commonly used in the information structure literature: in particular, topic, focus, contrast, and emphasis. An important component of our discussion is the impact of the visual-gestural modality on the syntactic and prosodic encoding of information structure. Kimmelman argued that in RSL and NGT, doubling is also used for information structure-related functions, but proposed that the functions of doubling are better described as foregrounding. Information structure is a field of linguistics covered in numerous books and articles. Information structure in sign languages has also been investigated almost from the first days of sign linguistics; however, as is often the case, most of the available studies focus on a very small number of sign languages, and among these, American Sign Language is the one most prominently represented. The chapter aims to theoretical research, It discusses the few available experimental or psycholinguistic studies on information structure in sign languages.
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London oriental and African language library · 2017
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Jaakko Leino · Oxford University Press eBooks · 2013
This chapter examines the role of information structure in constructionist approaches. It evaluates the central notions of information structure and how these factors can be incorporated into a Construction Grammar view of mental grammar. The chapter explains that information structure is an important element of sentence grammar because it influences by which construction a particular meaning is expressed and why speakers therefore choose one construction over alternative ones in specific situations
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