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About 10,000 papers for “layer formation”

Formation Layer Data

Yan, kun · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2025

Cited by 0Open access

Fluidized Bed Layer-by-Layer Microcapsule Formation

Joseph J. Richardson (1305168), Darwin Teng (1759426), Mattias Björnmalm (1452649) et al. · Figshare · 2016

Polymer microcapsules can be used as bioreactors and artificial cells; however, preparation methods for cell-like microcapsules are typically time-consuming, low yielding, and/or involve custom microfluidics. Here, we introduce a rapid (∼30 min per batch, eight layers), scalable (up to 500 mg of templates), and efficient (98% yield) microcapsule preparation technique utilizing a fluidized bed for the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of polymers, and we investigate the parameters that govern the formation of robust capsules. Fluidization in water was possible for particles of comparable diameter to mammalian cells (>5 μm), with the experimental flow rates necessary for fluidization matching well with the theoretical values. Important variables for polymer film deposition and capsule formation were the concentration of polymer solution and the molecular weight of the polymer, while the volume of the polymer solution had a negligible impact. In combination, increasing the polymer molecular weight and polymer solution concentration resulted in improved film deposition and the formation of robust microcapsules. The resultant polymer microcapsules had a thickness of ∼5.5 nm per bilayer, which is in close agreement with conventionally prepared (quiescent (nonflow) adsorption/centrifugation/wash) LbL capsules. The technique reported herein provides a new way to rapidly generate microcapsules (approximately 8 times quicker than the conventional means), while being also amenable to scale-up and mass production.

Cited by 0Open access

Fluidized Bed Layer-by-Layer Microcapsule Formation

Joseph J. Richardson, Darwin Teng, Mattias Björnmalm et al. · Langmuir · 2014

Polymer microcapsules can be used as bioreactors and artificial cells; however, preparation methods for cell-like microcapsules are typically time-consuming, low yielding, and/or involve custom microfluidics. Here, we introduce a rapid (∼30 min per batch, eight layers), scalable (up to 500 mg of templates), and efficient (98% yield) microcapsule preparation technique utilizing a fluidized bed for the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of polymers, and we investigate the parameters that govern the formation of robust capsules. Fluidization in water was possible for particles of comparable diameter to mammalian cells (>5 μm), with the experimental flow rates necessary for fluidization matching well with the theoretical values. Important variables for polymer film deposition and capsule formation were the concentration of polymer solution and the molecular weight of the polymer, while the volume of the polymer solution had a negligible impact. In combination, increasing the polymer molecular weight and polymer solution concentration resulted in improved film deposition and the formation of robust microcapsules. The resultant polymer microcapsules had a thickness of ∼5.5 nm per bilayer, which is in close agreement with conventionally prepared (quiescent (nonflow) adsorption/centrifugation/wash) LbL capsules. The technique reported herein provides a new way to rapidly generate microcapsules (approximately 8 times quicker than the conventional means), while being also amenable to scale-up and mass production.

Cited by 36Open access

mashadab/ice-layer-formation

Shadab, Mohammad Afzal, Adhikari, Surendra, Rutishauser, Anja et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2024

No description provided.

Cited by 0Open access

Formation of superlattice layer

SUGIURA HIDEO, YAMADA TAKESHI, IGA RYUZO · Institutional Repository of Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics) · 1992

PURPOSE:To exclude unnecessary deposition of a polycrystalline layer of the same material as a well layer and a barrier layer, by a method wherein, when a superlattice layer is formed, the well layer and the barrier layer are formed by an organic metal molecular beam epitaxial growth method in the state that a specified temperature is applied to a semiconductor substrate. CONSTITUTION:A dielectric layer 2 is formed on the main surface la of a semiconductor substrate Next, a dielectric layer 2' is formed. Said layer has a plurality of windows 2a' stretching in a stripe type which make the main surface la of the semiconductor substrate 1 face the outside from the dielectric layer 2, and therefore has a plurality of stripe type dielectric layer parts 2b'. By etching treatment using said layer as a mask, a plurality of trenches 3 are formed at positions facing a plurality of the windows 2a' on the main surface la side of the substrate 1 respectively. Well layers 4a and barrier layers 4b are alternately formed in order on the substrate l. A plurality of superlattice layers 4 are formed wherein the well layers 4a and the barrier layers 4b are alternately laminated in order at positions in a plurality of the trenches 4 facing a plurality of the windows 2a' of the dielectric layer 2' respectively.

Cited by 0

Layer Formation in Semiconvection

Joseph A. Biello · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2001

Layer formation in a thermally destabilized fluid with stable density gradient has been observed in laboratory experiments and has been proposed as a mechanism for mixing molecular weight in late stages of stellar evolution in regions which are unstable to semiconvection. It is not yet known whether such layers can exist in a very low viscosity fluid: this work undertakes to address that question. Layering is simulated numerically both at high Prandtl number (relevant to the laboratory) in order to describe the onset of layering intability, and the astrophysically important case of low Prandtl number. It is argued that the critical stability parameter for interfaces between layers, the Richardson number, increases with decreasing Prandtl number. Throughout the simulations the fluid has a tendency to form large scale flows in the first convecting layer, but only at low Prandtl number do such structures have dramatic consequences for layering. These flows are shown to drive large interfacial waves whose breaking contributes to significant mixing across the interface. An effective diffusion coefficient is determined from the simulation and is shown to be much greater than the predictions of both an enhanced diffusion model and one which specifically incorporates wave breaking. The results further suggest that molecular weight gradient interfaces are ineffective barriers to mixing even when specified as initial conditions, such as would arise when a compositional gradient is redistributed by another mechanism than buoyancy, such as rotation or internal waves.

Cited by 1Open access

mashadab/ice-layer-formation

Mohammad Afzal Shadab, Adhikari, Surendra, Rutishauser, Anja et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2024

No description provided.

Cited by 0Open access

Dynamics of wetting layer formation

Daniel Bonn, E. Bertrand, J. Meunier et al. · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · 2000

International audience

Cited by 0

Damage Analysis and Layer Formation

Ian Jordaan · Cambridge University Press eBooks · 2023

The analysis of ice response to stress using finite elements is described, using multiaxial constitutive relationships, including damage, in a viscoelastic framework. The U-shaped relationship of compliance with pressure is part of this formulation. The results show that the layer of damaged ice adjacent to the indentor arises naturally through the formulation, giving rise to a peak load and subsequent decline. This shows that there can be “layer failure” in addition to failure due to fractures and spalling. Tests on extrusion of crushed ice are described together with a formulation of constitutive relationships based on special triaxial tests of crushed ice. The ice temperature measured during field indentation tests showed a drop in temperature during the upswings in load. This was attributed to localized pressure melting. Small scale indentor tests are described, which show clearly the difference between layer failure and spalling, as found using high-speed video and pressure-sensitive film. The question of scaling, as used in ice tanks, is addressed. Flexural failure can be scaled to some extent; scaling of high-pressure zones lies in the mechanics as developed in the book.

Cited by 0

Dynamics of Wetting Layer Formation

Daniel Bonn, E. Bertrand, Jacques Meunier et al. · Physical Review Letters · 2000

We study the formation and growth of wetting layers in the binary liquid mixture cyclohexane-methanol. By progressively deuterating the methanol we can tune the equilibrium wetting layer thickness. Hysteresis of the transition is observed for large thicknesses and is absent for thinner ones. This can be understood by calculating the activation energy for wetting layer nucleation as a function of the film thickness. We also show that the late-stage growth of the wetting layer after the nucleation process follows a power law in time, in agreement with a diffusion-limited growth mechanism proposed theoretically.

Cited by 40

Strategic multi-layer network formation

Ebrahim Moradi Shahrivar, Shreyas Sundaram · 2013

We study the problem of strategic network formation among a set of nodes where each node forms links with other nodes in the network to maximize some utility. While previous work in this area has considered the formation of a single edge set between the nodes, we consider the problem of the strategic formation of multiple edge sets between the nodes, corresponding to different types of relationships. We start by considering the case where one edge set is chosen to minimize distances between nodes that are neighbors in another edge set. This corresponds to a generalization of distance-based utility functions studied in the literature. In this setting, we characterize efficient networks (that are optimal with respect to a global utility function), and pairwise stable networks (where individual nodes cannot benefit from the addition or removal of incident edges).We then generalize existing concepts of pairwise stability and improving paths for network formation to the multi-layer setting with arbitrary utility functions.

Cited by 7

Formation of Dendrimer Nanotubes by Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition

Dong Ha Kim, Prabhu Karan, Petra Göring et al. · Small · 2004

Porous alumina templates have been used to prepare dendrimer nanotubes with uniform size and orientation as well as high aspect ratios by a layer-by-layer deposition technique (see SEM image). The tubes may be released from or located in the template pores. Diffusion limitations arising from the pore geometry lead to tube segments with higher mechanical stability when located adjacent to pore openings compared to those located at the base of the pores.

Cited by 105