M. Prutton · 1994
Abstract Having determined what types of atoms are present upon a surface, the next important problem is to discover their arrangements with respect to each other and with respect to the underlying atoms of the solid. There are two parts to this problem-the determination of the symmetry of the surface atomic arrangement and the determination of details of the atomic positions. In bulk investigations, the former is normally carried out by using simple observations of the diffraction pattern obtained when a beam of X-rays, neutrons, or electrons is scattered from a single crystal of the sample. These observations yield information about the symmetry of the repeating unit of the structure, the unit cell, and the size and shape of this cell. The latter involves measurements of the intensity of diffracted beams and the comparison of these intensities with those predicted from postulated models of the structure. If successful, the result is a complete description of where each kind of atom is situated within the unit cell.
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David L. Allara, R. L. Opila · 2026
In this chapter we will consider the structures of surfaces of condensed phase objects comprised of constituent particles of atoms, inorganic groups and molecules or molecular groups (collectively termed particles for convenience. In learning about surface structure, it is convenient to start with ordered surfaces since these are the most amenable to quantitative characterization. With this in hand we can form the basis for understanding the properties of many important crystalline materials surfaces such as those of catalytically active transition metals and semiconductors such as silicon used in electronic devices. There are two main cases of interest for physical surface structure: 1.) bare surfaces, which are defined as the termination of the substance in vacuum, and 2.) overlayers of another substance, typically a single layer of atoms or small molecules, either physisorbed or chemisorbed. These classifications can be broken down further in terms of the differences between the ordering in the top surface layer (at the ambient interface) and the bulk.
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Robert Fiengo · Harvard University Press eBooks · 1980
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2014
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Steedman, Mark · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · 1992
Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) was originally advanced as a theory relating coordination and relativization. The claim was that these constructions can be analysed at the level of surface grammar, without rules of movement, deletion, passing of slash-features, or the syntactic empty category Wh-trace. Instead, CCG generalizes the notion of grammatical constituency to cover everything that can coordinate or result from extraction, via the use of a small number of operations which apply to adjacent lexically realised grammatical categories interpreted as functions.
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W. N. Unertl · 1991
Abstract : This chapter provides an introduction to the current state of knowledge about the crystal structure of solid surfaces, phase transformations on surfaces, and defects on surfaces. Spatial arrangements of atoms near surfaces and interfaces determine the chemical, electronic and mechanical properties of materials. Processes such as epitaxial growth of thin films and catalytic reactions are sensitive functions of surface structure and composition. Significant gaps remain in understanding some materials and, in particular, real surfaces such as those of non-crystalline materials like polymers. Surface properties of oxides and carbides are dominated by the presence of defects and are only beginning to be understood. Real surfaces are often formed in metastable structural states rather than in thermodynamic equilibrium. With the recent introduction of direct imaging techniques like scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron microscopy (LEEM), there has been a rapid increase in research directed toward understanding the noncrystalline aspects of surface structure. Surface defects range from atomic scale defects such as impurities and vacancies to macroscopic imperfections such as grain boundaries. Diffusion, nucleation, growth, and chemical reactivity are sensitive to the presence of surface defects of both mesoscopic and microscopic extent. This chapter places emphasis on surface defects.
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James Stanlaw · The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology · 2020
The terms “surface structure” and “deep structure” are part key parts of the transformational‐generative grammar program proposed by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s. The surface structure is a representation of the syntax of a sentence – not an actual spoken sentence – derived from a presumed underlying deep structure (a syntactic representation at an even more abstract level).
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Kelley, Theron James · CSUN ScholarWorks (California State University, Northridge) · 2014
The Thesis consisted of a painting show held at Gallery II, in the Fine Arts Building at California State University, Northridge, from April 16th to April 22nd, 1977. Four small paintings on paper and seven large ones on canvas were shown for a total of eleven works. Of the four paper paintings, all were 22" X 3O", but one was made with ink, colored pencil and air brush, and the other three were oil-base enamel. Of the seven large paintings, one was 72" X 90" on unstretched canvas, painted with flat acrylic house paint; one was a 60" X 84" stretched canvas done with oil-base enamels; and the other five were all 60" X 72" stretched canvases painted with clear Rhoplex mixed with a variety of pigments, including ink, house paint, acrylic tube paint and tempera. \nThe show was intended to demonstrate an evolutionary process; a record of artistic development over a two year period. The paintings progressed chronologically from a concern with primarily linear structures to a concern with primarily surface, but both concerns were in the service of the structuring of space. The paintings are intended to structure space in such a way as to create an interplay between the flat, two-dimensional quality of the actual picture plane, and the possibility of the three-dimensional illusion of depth beyond the picture plane. Inotherwords, they create tension between the actual surface and the implied space. Although the work is mostly about special tensions, such considerations are created by the interaction and intersection of linear, color, shape and textural systems, and as those systems evolve and interact differently, the spacial tensions change. The show demonstrated how an interplay between linear structure and surface concerns can be utilized to either flatten or deepen the picture plane.
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Annius Groenink · Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands · 1997
Phrase structure and dependency PHRASE STRUCTURE and DEPENDENCY are the two most essential notions underlying the analysis of linguistic structure.Traditionally, phrase structure, abbreviated as PS, refers to a division of a sentence into PHRASES or CONSTITUENTS that can be represented in a LABELLED BRACKETING of the sentence, as in (1.1).(1.1)CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMAR (CFG) is a mathematical formalism that describes exactly these labelled bracketings of sentences.Important aspects of CFG are introduced in section 1.1.The choice which words are to be grouped into constituents, and the naming (S, NP, VP) of the constituents is directly influenced, if not defined, by the notion dependency between words and phrases, which is introduced in section 1.2.Traditional grammatical frameworks such as Government-Bindingtheory assume a tight interaction between dependency, phrase structure, and word order.This exercises a strong influence on the design of formalisms for grammatical description.At the core of the research reported in this thesis is a tendency to take a small step back with respect to a number of such traditional assumptions.* Constant growth is intended to roughly capture two properties of natural language: (i) it features recursion or unbounded embedding and (ii) such recursions appear, in some
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Yu Shcheglov, Alexander Zholkovsky · 1987
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M. W. Roberts, J. M. Thomas, S. J. Gurman et al. · Surface and defect properties of solids · 1976
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H. F, RS · Yale University Press eBooks · 2018
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A D May · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · 2017
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Linguistic & literary studies in Eastern Europe, LLSEE · 1987
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Monica M. Cole · 2022
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Yimei Zhu, Hiromi Inada, Achim Hartschuh et al. · 2012
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Serra, Richard, Foster, Hal · Yale University Press eBooks · 2018
Structure, Surface, SpeedRichard Serra (Editor), Hal Foster (Editor)Conversations about Sculpture~HF: Here's a paradox: you've made sculpture more specific, more powerful, in large part through a critical engagement with other mediums. Apart from your commitment to contemporaneous forms of dance and music, your work has questioned painting (to the extent that it's pictorial, bound up with the image) on the one hand, and contested...AuthorRichard Serra (Editor), Hal Foster (Editor)PublisherYale University PressCopyright© 2018 by Richard Serra and Hal FosterRelated print edition pages: pp.171-183 https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00033.011 Stable URL: https://www.aaeportal.com/?id=-19783Copy Chapter subject tags:Sculpture, American--20th centuryRonchamp (France)Hagia Sophia (Church : İznik, Turkey)Architecture, ModernArtists--Interviews
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Richard Serra, Hal Foster · Yale University Press eBooks · 2019
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Nenadović, Tomislav M. · Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana) · 2015
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Walsh, Laurence James, George, Roy · Queensland's institutional digital repository (The University of Queensland) · 2011
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