Natalia Juchniewicz · Techné Research in Philosophy and Technology · 2021
This article raises the problem of extended memory in the context of using a smartphone. Taking into account the extended mind hypothesis and the everyday practices of smartphone users, the article analyses four fields of memory: pictures, chats, maps and, geolocating games. Each of these fields can be used in a number of ways to reinforce memory or to participate in the memory practices of an individual or a collectivity, and this is analysed in the article using numerous examples. The problem of extended memory is considered in the article on a theoretical level by referring to new media studies (on mobile phones and iPhones). The practical dimension of this problem is presented by the results of empirical, qualitative research conducted among smartphone users.
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Robert W. Clowes · 2017
In the early 1990s, Merlin Donald provided an agenda-setting approach to external memory when he distinguished between biological memory that resides within the brain, and external memory that may reside in a number of different external stores, including visual and electronic storage systems, as well as culturally transmitted memories that reside in other individuals. This chapter discusses some of the properties of the new E-memory systems concentrating on totality, autonomy, social entanglement, and incorporability. It describes ways in which they contrast and complement biological memory. The chapter presents Wegner's framework for analysing how memory is socially distributed amongst human beings: transactive memory. It also discusses how some have used this framework to analyse human/technological systems, and one controversial claim that the Internet is a "supernormal stimulus" disrupting normal human memory distribution. It examines the Extended Mind (EM) hypothesis which suggests that external resources may count as parts of our minds.
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Patrick Biget, Jean-jacques Vandewalle · 1998
. Smartcard chips vendors have always done their best to embed more memory inside cards. These efforts are driven to allow their customers - smartcard manufacturers - to mask more software inside cards (in ROM) but, above all, to help them to provide cards with more memory dedicated to the application (EEPROM). Even if the geometry is getting smaller and smaller, some applications do not match with the current memory limitations due to smartcard constraints making impossible for the chips to be more than just a few millimeter square. The goal of the Extended Memory Card project is to suggest an architecture in which smartcards can securely "contain" more data than their own memory allows it. The card acts as a key to access information stored outside of it. 1. Introduction: the WebCard prototype 1.1 Presentation The basis of the Extended Memory Card project lies on an earlier work performed at the RD2P laboratory (Research and Development on Portable File), a research laboratory of U...
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Javier Snaider, Stan Franklin · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · 2011
Sparse distributed memory is an auto-associative memory system that stores high dimensional Boolean vectors. Here we present an extension of the original SDM that uses word vectors of larger size than address vectors. This extension preserves many of the desirable properties of the original SDM: auto-associability, content addressability, distributed storage, robustness over noisy inputs. In addition, it adds new functionality, enabling an efficient auto-associative storage of sequences of vectors, as well as of other data structures such as trees.
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Katherine Nelson · Journal of Physiology-Paris · 2007
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Gregorio Zlotnik, Aaron Vansintjan · Frontiers in Psychology · 2019
Recent developments in science and technology point to the need to unify, and extend, the definition of memory. On the one hand, molecular neurobiology has shown that memory is largely a neuro-chemical process, which includes conditioning and any form of stored experience. On the other hand, information technology has led many to claim that cognition is also extended, that is, memory may be stored outside of the brain. In this paper, we review these advances and describe an extended definition of memory. This definition is largely accepted in neuroscience but not explicitly stated. In the extended definition, memory is the capacity to store and retrieve information. Does this new definition of memory mean that <i>everything</i> is now a form of memory? We stress that memory still requires incorporation, that is, <i>in corpore</i>. It is a relationship - where one biological or chemical process is incorporated into another, and changes both in a permanent way. Looking at natural and biological processes of incorporation can help us think of how incorporation of internal and external memory occurs in cognition. We further argue that, if we accept that there is such a thing as the storage of information outside the brain - and that this organic, dynamic process can also be called "memory" - then we open the door to a very different world. The mind is not static. The brain, and the memory it uses, is a work in progress; we are not now who we were then.
Cited by 98Open access
Christopher R. Madan · 2024
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Kourken Michaelian · Consciousness and Cognition · 2012
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Mirko Farina, Ding Xiao-jun, Andrea Lavazza et al. · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · 2026
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Alain Darte, Alexandre Isoard, Tomofumi Yuki · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · 2016
This work extends lattice-based memory allocation, an earlier work on memory reuse through array contraction. Such an optimization is used for optimizing high-level programming languages where storage mapping may be abstracted away from programmers and to complement code transformations that introduce intermediate buffers. The main motivation for this extension is to improve the handling of more general forms of specifications we see today, e.g., with loop tiling, pipelining, and other forms of parallelism available in explicitly-parallel languages. Specifically, we handle the case when conflicting constraints (those that describe the array indices that cannot share the same location) are specified as a (non-convex) union of polyhedra. The choice of directions (or basis) of array reuse becomes important when dealing with non-convex specifications. We extend the two dual approaches in the original work to handle unions of polyhedra, and to select a suitable basis. Our final approach relies on a combination of the two, also revealing their links with, on one hand, the construction of multi-dimensional schedules for parallelism and tiling (but with a fundamental difference that we identify) and, on the other hand, the construction of universal reuse vectors (UOV), which was only used so far in a specific context, for schedule-independent mapping.
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João Lourenço · Lecture notes in computer science · 2011
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David Chaiken, Abhinav Agarwal · ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News · 1994
This paper evaluates the tradeoffs involved in the design of the software-extended memory system of Alewife, a multiprocessor architecture that implements coherent shared memory through a combination of hardware and software mechanisms. For each block of memory, Alewife implements between zero and five coherence directory pointers in hardware and allows software to handle requests when the pointers are exhausted. The software includes a flexible coherence interface that facilitates protocol software implementation. This interface is indispensable for conducting experiments and has proven important for implementing enhancements to the basic system.Simulations of a number of applications running on a complete system (with up to 256 processors) demonstrate that the hybrid architecture with five pointers achieves between 71% and 100% of full-map directory performance at a constant cost per processing element. Our experience in designing the software protocol interfaces and experiments with a variety of system configurations lead to a detailed understanding of the interaction of the hardware and software components of the system. The results show that a small amount of shared memory hardware provides adequate performance: One-pointer systems reach between 42% and 100% of full-map performance on our parallel benchmarks. A software-only directory architecture with no hardware pointers has lower performance but minimal cost.
Cited by 5Open access
Bonnail, Elise, Lecolinet, Eric, Tseng, Wen-Jie et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2023
Human memory has notable limitations (e.g., forgetting) which have necessitated a variety of memory aids (e.g., calendars). As we grow closer to mass adoption of everyday Extended Reality (XR), which is frequently leveraging perceptual limitations (e.g., redirected walking), it becomes pertinent to consider how XR could leverage memory limitations (forgetting, distorting, persistence) to induce memory manipulations. As memories highly impact our self-perception, social interactions, and behaviors, there is a pressing need to understand XR Memory Manipulations (XRMMs). We ran three speculative design workshops (n=12), with XR and memory researchers creating 48 XRMM scenarios. Through thematic analysis, we define XRMMs, present a framework of their core components and reveal three classes (at encoding, pre-retrieval, at retrieval). Each class differs in terms of technology (AR, VR) and impact on memory (influencing quality of memories, inducing forgetting, distorting memories). We raise ethical concerns and discuss opportunities of perceptual and memory manipulations in XR.
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Elise Bonnail, Wen-Jie Tseng, Mark McGill et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2023
Human memory has notable limitations (e.g., forgetting) which have necessitated a variety of memory aids (e.g., calendars). As we grow closer to mass adoption of everyday Extended Reality (XR), which is frequently leveraging perceptual limitations (e.g., redirected walking), it becomes pertinent to consider how XR could leverage memory limitations (forgetting, distorting, persistence) to induce memory manipulations. As memories highly impact our self-perception, social interactions, and behaviors, there is a pressing need to understand XR Memory Manipulations (XRMMs). We ran three speculative design workshops (n=12), with XR and memory researchers creating 48 XRMM scenarios. Through thematic analysis, we define XRMMs, present a framework of their core components and reveal three classes (at encoding, pre-retrieval, at retrieval). Each class differs in terms of technology (AR, VR) and impact on memory (influencing quality of memories, inducing forgetting, distorting memories). We raise ethical concerns and discuss opportunities of perceptual and memory manipulations in XR.
Cited by 38Open access
Nursing Standard · 1988
A new pulse oximeter featuring a powerful memory capacity and a programmable alarm system is now available from DeVilbiss Health Care.
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Jang-Gn Yun, Il Han Park, Wandong Kim et al. · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · 2009
A NAND flash memory array having extended word-lines is proposed. Without scarifying areal density, both physical gate length and charge storage node size are increased through the word-line extension process. Simple fabrication flow is delivered and device performances in a viewpoint of the short channel effect are simulated. The effect of gate length variation on the cell threshold voltage (VTH) distribution is addressed. Programming characteristics in the inversion-type source/drain NAND flash memory are also described. Some side effects concerned with the program disturbance and cell-to-cell interference are investigated in comparison with the conventional NAND flash memory.
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Yi Jen Chiang, Michael T. Goodrich, Edward F. Grove et al. · 1994
We present a collection of new techniques for designing and analyzing efficient external-memory algorithms for graph problems and illustrate how these techniques can be applied to a wide variety of specific problems.
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Stefano Ceri, Florian Daniel, Maristella Matera et al. · 2006
Finding a previously visited page during a Web navigation is avery common and important kind of interaction. Most commercialbrowsers incorporate history mechanisms, which typically aresimple indexes of visited pages, sorted according to the timedimension. Such mechanisms are not very effective and are quitefar from giving users the impression of a semantically aware,long-term memory, as it is available to the human brain. Inparticular they lack associative, semantic-based mechanisms thatare essential for supporting information retrieval. This paperintroduces xMem (eXtended Memory Navigation) as a new method toaccess users' navigation history, based upon semantic andassociative access. Its aim is to emulate some of the features ofthe human memory, so as to give users a better understanding ofthe context of their searches, by exploiting semantic cuescharacterizing contents of visited pages.
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D. Nagle, R. Uhlig, T. Mudge et al. · 2007
) Richard Uhlig, David Nagle, Trevor Mudge &amp; Stuart Sechrest Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan e-mail: uhlig@eecs.umich.edu, bassoon@eecs.umich.edu This work is supported by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under DARPA/ARO Contract Number DAAL03-90-C-0028 and a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. needed, traps can be set or cleared using page valid bits, or by installing and removing page-table entries in a software -managed TLB [1]. For cache simulation, where cache-line granularity is needed, instruction breakpoints, data breakpoints, or memory parity traps can be set [2]. Two essential features of this approach enable Tapeworm to overcome the limitations of trace-driven simulation. First, because Tapeworm processes only the infrequent case of misses, it is much faster than comparable tracedriven simulators, which consider all memory references. Second, because Tapeworm resides in the kernel of a running operating...
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David L. Black, Dejan Milojičić, Randall W. Dean et al. · Software Practice and Experience · 1998
This paper describes the lessons learned from the development and use of the eXtended Memory Management (XMM) subsystem in the Mach microkernel. XMM provides distributed memory management for single system image Unix on systems ranging from a few nodes to over 1000 nodes. XMM enables complete cross-node transparency at the Mach virtual memory interface in support of distributed file systems and distributed process execution, including making distributed shared memory available to applications. Our experience with XMM has revealed severe problems in scalability, performance, and complexity, leading us to conclude that significant portions of XMM's architecture and design should be viewed as failed experiments. Among the lessons we have learned from our experience are that copy on reference should be used instead of copy on write for memory management in distributed systems, and that virtual copy optimizations are inappropriate for distributed coherent virtual memory. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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