D J Stein, Eric Hollander · Phlebolymphology · 2010
The obsessive-compulsive spectrum is an important concept referring to a number of disorders drawn from several diagnostic categories that share core obsessive-compulsive features. These disorders can be grouped by the focus of their symptoms: bodily preoccupation, impulse control, or neurological disorders. Although the disorders are clearly distinct from one another, they have intriguing similarities in phenomenology, etiology, pathophysiology, patient characteristics, and treatment response. In combination with the knowledge gained through many years of research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the concept of a spectrum has generated much fruitful research on the spectrum disorders. It has become apparent that these disorders can also be viewed as being on a continuum of compulsivity to impulsivity, characterized by harm avoidance at the compulsive end and risk seeking at the impulsive end. The compulsive and impulsive disorders differ in systematic ways that are just beginning to be understood. Here, we review these concepts and several representative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders including both compulsive and impulsive disorders, as well as the three different symptom clusters: OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, pathological gambling, sexual compulsivity, and autism spectrum disorders.
Cited by 313
María V Barel · PubMed · 2009
The Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders are a group of entities related to the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder having similarities with it and also differences that are characteristic of each disorder. Nowadays, they are published in different chapters of current diagnosis manuals. On the one hand, entities of the impulsive spectrum can be found, and on the other hand, entities of the compulsive pole can also be found. However, these entities will soon be included in the same chapter for a better analysis and debate. The present article aims at analyzing the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and the therapeutic management of the three most important disorders of the impulsive spectrum: the pathological gambling, the trichotillomania and the self-injury behaviour.
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HOWARD S. SUDAK · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · 2011
Article AbstractFrom our regular book review column.Because this piece does not have an abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text."Why me?" I wondered when I received this book to review. I have neither special interest nor special expertise in psychiatric nosology—I†m still stuck on DSM-III and earlier on neurosis versus psychosis versus character disorders and am still mourning the loss of diagnosing by defense mechanisms and other ephemera. And, worse yet, this is an edited work that publishes the proceedings from a research planning conference for DSM-5 titled "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Behavior Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V," and almost all of its chapters were already published in 2 journal issues (the May 2007 issue of CNS Spectrums in 2007 and the November 2009 issue of Psychiatry Research).
Cited by 2Open access
Steven A. Rasmussen · PubMed · 1994
Cited by 156
Andrea Allen, Audrey King, Eric Hollander · PubMed · 2003
The obsessive-compulsive spectrum is an important concept referring to a number of disorders drawn from several diagnostic categories that share core obsessive-compulsive features. These disorders can be grouped by the focus of their symptoms: bodily preoccupation, impulse control, or neurological disorders. Although the disorders are clearly distinct from one another, they have intriguing similarities in phenomenology, etiology, pathophysiology, patient characteristics, and treatment response. In combination with the knowledge gained through many years of research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the concept of a spectrum has generated much fruitful research on the spectrum disorders. It has become apparent that these disorders can also be viewed as being on a continuum of compulsivity to impulsivity, characterized by harm avoidance at the compulsive end and risk seeking at the impulsive end. The compulsive and impulsive disorders differ in systematic ways that are just beginning to be understood. Here, we review these concepts and several representative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders including both compulsive and impulsive disorders, as well as the three different symptom clusters: OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, pathological gambling, sexual compulsivity, and autism spectrum disorders.
Cited by 58
Rocco Crino · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · 1999
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases classification systems. A growing trend in the literature has been to link obsessive-compulsive disorder with a broad range of other disorders loosely described as the obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum of disorders on the basis that these disorders share clinical features, comorbidity, aetiological factors and treatment response. Examination of the evidence would indicate that there are significant differences between these conditions and that many of the spectrum disorders share a vulnerability to anxiety and depressive disorders rather than to obsessive-compulsive disorder per se.
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Eric Hollander, Stephanie D. Benzaquen · International Review of Psychiatry · 1997
AbstractObsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have, over the past few years, emerged as a distinct category of related disorders with important diagnostic, etiologic and therapeutic implications. This group of unique diagnostic entities may affect up to 10% of the US population and is characterized by intrusive obsessive thoughts or repetitive behaviors. Obsessive-compulsive related disorders may overlap with OCD in terms of clinical symptoms, associated features (age of onset, clinical course and comorbidity), presumed etiology, familial transmission and response to selective pharmacological or behavioral treatments. In this paper, we present an overview of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and explore somatoform, dissociative, eating, schizo-obsessive, tic, neurologic and impulse control disorders.
Cited by 157
Christine Löchner, Dan J. Stein · Psychopathology · 2010
These findings suggest that some putative OCSDs may be related to OCD, while some may have a closer relationship to other anxiety disorders. From a nosological perspective, it may be useful to include OCD and certain OCSDs under the rubric of an enlarged category of anxiety and OCSDs.
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Christine Löchner, Dan J. Stein · Archives of Women s Mental Health · 2001
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Mohammad Aleem Siddiqui, Daya Ram, Sanjay Kumar Munda et al. · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · 2018
OCSDs were significantly more in OCD probands as compared to schizophrenia probands. This suggests a familial aggregation of these disorders.
Cited by 1Open access
Damiaan Denys · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · 2006
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Juliana Braga de Salles Andrade, Angela Rodrigues Souza e Silva, Leonardo F. Fontenelle · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · 2023
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that result in anxiety or distress (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors or mental acts aimed at decreasing the resulting discomfort or performed according to certain rules (compulsions). Its diagnosis relies mostly on the clinical assessment. The first-line treatments for OCD include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and/or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, approximately 30% of patients don’t respond to these treatments, and patients may fail to achieve full remission of the symptoms. At the same time, there is a range of syndromes closely related to OCD whose underlying neurobiology remains relatively unexplored. This chapter focuses on addressing two biomarkers reported in samples with obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs), namely, inflammatory parameters and neuroimaging findings. In this context, the identification of biomarkers has become promising to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and to develop a more personalized treatment. For instance, it could help predicting whether a patient with a given OCRD would respond more favorably to a specific treatment.
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Margaret A. Richter, Laura J. Summerfeldt, Martin M. Antony et al. · Depression and Anxiety · 2003
In light of current interest in an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, this study sought to determine whether comorbidity patterns support the unique relationship hypothesized between these conditions and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Comparisons were made of lifetime rates of several proposed spectrum conditions in individuals with one of three anxiety disorder principal diagnoses (OCD, social phobia, or panic disorder [PD], N=277). Spectrum conditions examined included tic-related disorders, trichotillomania, skin picking, and eating disorders, with analyses performed on rates both of clinical disorder alone, and clinical and subclinical manifestations jointly. The OCD group was found to differ from both other groups in showing 1) a greater proportion of individuals affected with any lifetime spectrum condition, 2) a greater number of lifetime spectrum conditions affecting each individual, and 3) a greater proportion of individuals having a lifetime history of multiple spectrum conditions. Analyses for specific spectrum conditions indicated differences among the anxiety disorder groups for all spectrum categories except eating disorders, though only in the case of tic-related conditions did OCD differ significantly from both comparison groups. For the other conditions, dissimilar patterns of differences were observed among the three groups, particularly when subclinical manifestations were included. These findings have conceptual and clinical implications, including 1) the salience of tic-related disorders in the OC spectrum, 2) the possibility that the relationship between spectrum conditions and anxiety disorders may take several different forms, and 3) the need for refinement of the hypothesized spectrum.
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Stein DJ · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · 2013
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Jon E. Grant, Brian L. Odlaug · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · 2015
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Chicago Chicago, IL [email protected] Department of Public Health Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
Cited by 24
Laure-Sophie Camilla d'Angelo, Dawn M. Eagle, Jon E. Grant et al. · CNS Spectrums · 2013
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions (trichotillomania, pathological skin-picking, pathological nail-biting) are common and disabling. Current treatment approaches fail to help a significant proportion of patients. Multiple tiers of evidence link these conditions with underlying dysregulation of particular cortico-subcortical circuitry and monoamine systems, which represent targets for treatment. Animal models designed to capture aspects of these conditions are critical for several reasons. First, they help in furthering our understanding of neuroanatomical and neurochemical underpinnings of the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum. Second, they help to account for the brain mechanisms by which existing treatments (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, deep brain stimulation) exert their beneficial effects on patients. Third, they inform the search for novel treatments. This article provides a critique of key animal models for selected OC spectrum disorders, beginning with initial work relating to anxiety, but moving on to recent developments in domains of genetic, pharmacological, cognitive, and ethological models. We find that there is a burgeoning literature in these areas with important ramifications, which are considered, along with salient future lines of research.
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Psychiatric Annals · 2006
<P>Advances in neuroscience have generated new approaches to the classification of psychiatric disorders and the discovery of new environmental factors important in their etiology. In the context of psychiatric nosology, several lines of research support the utility of exploring some group of disorders under the concept of spectrum disorders. Among the intriguing new descriptions of environmental factors associated with psychiatric disorders, the possible interaction between specific strains of streptococci and their role in the emergence of some psychiatric disorders gained much attention in the literature. Therefore, in this article, we will present recent data supporting the concept of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD) and its relationship with rheumatic fever (RF), a late consequence of a streptococcus infection.</P> <H4>ABOUT THE AUTHORS</H4> <P>Dr. Hounie is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Dr. Mercadante is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, and the Pervasive Development Disorder Program, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo. Dr. Alvarenga, Dr. Sampaio, Ms. Taub, and Dr. Miguel are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School.</P> <P>Address reprint requests to: Ana Hounie, MD, PhD, Instituto de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (PROTOC) Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, CEP:05403010, São Paulo SP Brasil; or e-mail <a href="mailto:anah@protoc.com.br">anah@protoc.com.br</a>.</P> <P>The authors disclosed no relevant financial relationships.</P> <P>This article was supported in part by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) grants 99/15013-9 to Dr. Hounie and 99/12205-7 to Dr Miguel; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico grants 521369/96 and 420122/2005-2 to Dr Miguel; the MackPesquisa to Dr. Mercadante; and the CAPES PRODOC to Dr. Hounie.</P>
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Dan J. Stein · Biological Psychiatry · 2000
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Dan J. Stein, Colin Bouwer, Ben van Heerden · PubMed · 1996
These results are consistent with a hypothesis that at least some cases of pica may usefully be conceptualised as lying within a compulsive-impulsive spectrum of symptoms and disorders.
Cited by 66
Gema P. Sáez‐Suanes · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · 2025
Research shows significant rates of comorbid symptoms in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID). The presence of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms has been little researched and is poorly understood across the spectrum. Understanding the structure and behaviour of OCD symptoms in autism is necessary, given their presence and the negative effect on the quality of life levels of affected people. One hundred twenty-eight adults (128) (M = 36.63 years, SD = 8.54) with autism and intellectual disabilities were evaluated to know the structure of OCD symptoms in autism and their relationship with ASD symptomatology. For this purpose, a network analysis was carried out. The results showed that obsessive and compulsive symptoms present themselves as two connected but independent networks. Similarly, ASD and OCD symptoms are observed as different clusters. These findings suggest that OCD symptoms may have a different nature on the autism spectrum
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