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About 3,983 papers for “compounding effects”

Compounding Effects of Rejection and Existential Isolation

Espinosa, Matthew · Open Science Framework · 2025

Although often comorbid with interpersonal isolation , existential isolation is distinct in a few theoretically meaningful ways and further work is needed to isolate existential isolation from interpersonal isolation. More specifically, given the wide breadth of historical research examining the deleterious effects of social exclusion and loneliness on mental wellbeing and interpersonal relationship quality, determining which forms of social isolation (i.e., social exclusion or existential isolation) account for specific outcomes can better equip health practitioners and researchers to intervene and address these outcomes. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the unique and compounding effects on cognitive and affective outcomes (e.g., feelings of loneliness, need threat, anger) associated with experiences of being either existentially isolated, ostracized, or both.

Cited by 0Open access

Modality effects in compounding with English inflectional morphology.

Hayes, JA, Smith, PM, Murphy, VA · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · 2005

The treatment of plural morphemes in English noun-noun compounds is significant because it provides a test case for competing theories of language acquisition and representation. Even when the first noun in a compound refers to plural items, native speakers frequently use the singular form (Murphy, 2000). Sometimes, they will use the irregular plural form ('mice chaser') but very rarely are regular plurals ('rats chaser') used as the first noun in a compound. This effect has been found with native English-speaking children (Gordon, 1985; Nicoladis, 2000; Oetting and Rice, 1993; van der Lely and Christian, 2000); native English-speaking teenagers (van der Lely and Christian, 2000); and native English-speaking adults (Lardiere and Schwartz, 1997; Murphy, 2000). The apparent dissociation between regular and irregular plurals (i.e.that irregular plurals are included before a second noun but regular plurals are almost never included before a second noun) is thought to be due to innate morphological constraints (Marcus, Brinkmann, Clahsen, Weise, and Pinker, 1995). Such constraints predict that all items of regular morphology should be treated differently from all items of irregular morphology by language users in all situations. However, if external factors such as input and response modality affect the number of plurals included in compounds, then this questions the internal constraint-based explanations of compounding and encourages investigation of how external factors might influence the number of plurals included in compounds.

Cited by 0

Modality effects in compounding with English inflectional morphology

Jennifer A. Hayes, Pamela M. Smith, Victoria A. Murphy · British Journal of Psychology · 2005

The treatment of plural morphemes in English noun-noun compounds is significant because it provides a test case for competing theories of language acquisition and representation. Even when the first noun in a compound refers to plural items, native speakers frequently use the singular form (Murphy, 2000). Sometimes, they will use the irregular plural form ('mice chaser') but very rarely are regular plurals ('rats chaser') used as the first noun in a compound. This effect has been found with native English-speaking children (Gordon, 1985; Nicoladis, 2000; Oetting & Rice, 1993; van der Lely & Christian, 2000); native English-speaking teenagers (van der Lely & Christian, 2000); and native English-speaking adults (Lardiere & Schwartz, 1997; Murphy, 2000). The apparent dissociation between regular and irregular plurals (i.e.that irregular plurals are included before a second noun but regular plurals are almost never included before a second noun) is thought to be due to innate morphological constraints (Marcus, Brinkmann, Clahsen, Weise, & Pinker, 1995). Such constraints predict that all items of regular morphology should be treated differently from all items of irregular morphology by language users in all situations. However, if external factors such as input and response modality affect the number of plurals included in compounds, then this questions the internal constraint-based explanations of compounding and encourages investigation of how external factors might influence the number of plurals included in compounds.

Cited by 5Open access

Compounding Effects of Climate Warming and Antibiotic Resistance

Alejandra Rodríguez‐Verdugo, Natalie Lozano-Huntelman, Mauricio Cruz‐Loya et al. · iScience · 2020

Bacteria have evolved diverse mechanisms to survive environments with antibiotics. Temperature is both a key factor that affects the survival of bacteria in the presence of antibiotics and an environmental trait that is drastically increasing due to climate change. Therefore, it is timely and important to understand links between temperature changes and selection of antibiotic resistance. This review examines these links by synthesizing results from laboratories, hospitals, and environmental studies. First, we describe the transient physiological responses to temperature that alter cellular behavior and lead to antibiotic tolerance and persistence. Second, we focus on the link between thermal stress and the evolution and maintenance of antibiotic resistance mutations. Finally, we explore how local and global changes in temperature are associated with increases in antibiotic resistance and its spread. We suggest that a multidisciplinary, multiscale approach is critical to fully understand how temperature changes are contributing to the antibiotic crisis.

Cited by 134Open access

Compounding effects behind renewable energy droughts in Europe

Yu Meng, Jakob Zscheischler, Johannes Schmidt et al. · 2025

Power systems dominated by renewables are strongly affected by weather variability, affecting electricity demand and electricity generation across countries. In Europe, the interplay between electricity generation from sources such as wind, solar, and run-of-river hydropower, alongside electricity demand, can result in high residual load and associated renewable energy droughts (REDs). Concurrent REDs across multiple regions further challenge the increasingly interconnected European energy system. Understanding the compounding effects between energy sources and European regions is crucial to improving the reliability of power systems and reducing shortfalls. Here, we study such compounding effects during the season that is most affected by REDs by using weekly data of solar, wind, and river hydropower electricity generation and electricity demand derived from the PyPSA-Eur model forced with ERA5 weather data during 1941-2023 under present-day installed capacities. In the first step, by focussing on 129 small-scale areas in Europe, we find that wind electricity and electricity demand, including their interplay, are the primary contributors to REDs. Secondly, we explore spatially compounding effects by considering nine individual macro-regions, each composed of highly interconnected small-scale areas. Within each of the nine macro-regions, we find that anomalies in residual loads of small-scale areas compound to cause regionally aggregated REDs, particularly the most extreme REDs. Thirdly, in view of an increasingly interconnected European energy system, we inspect the interplay between shortfalls across the nine macro-regions, revealing that spatially compounding effects may enhance the risks for the energy system. The dependencies among residual loads of the nine macro-regions increase the probability of the regions simultaneously experiencing REDs. In addition, we find that the tendency of some macro-regions to experience REDs simultaneously increases extreme EU-aggregated shortfalls by 12% on average. This research underscores the need to consider compounding effects between electricity generation technologies and electricity demand across multiple regions in the design and optimization of electricity systems.

Cited by 0Open access

Dermatological effects from years in the sun: compounding opportunities.

Jones M Pd Fiaca Faca · PubMed · 2015

Sun worship has existed for thousands of years and the popularity of sunbathing and tanning salons proves that it still exists today. Overexposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun and tanning beds is a major cause of skin damage and the main cause of precancerous and cancerous skin lesions. Regardless of the many warnings about the dangers of sun exposure and the many sunscreen products available, a significant number of people develop these lesions. The most common sun-induced pre-cancerous lesion is solar keratosis, or actinic keratosis. Unless detected and treated, actinic keratosis can progress to skin cancer. The three main types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. All can be cured if caught early and treated promptly. A number of treatment options are available for skin cancers, including topical preparations, systemic chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and surgery. The best treatment option depends on the type and location of lesion, the stage of the lesion, and the needs of the individual patient.

Cited by 1

Compounding effects of sea level rise and fluvial flooding

Hamed Moftakhari, Gianfausto Salvadori, Amir AghaKouchak et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2017

Sea level rise (SLR), a well-documented and urgent aspect of anthropogenic global warming, threatens population and assets located in low-lying coastal regions all around the world. Common flood hazard assessment practices typically account for one driver at a time (e.g., either fluvial flooding only or ocean flooding only), whereas coastal cities vulnerable to SLR are at risk for flooding from multiple drivers (e.g., extreme coastal high tide, storm surge, and river flow). Here, we propose a bivariate flood hazard assessment approach that accounts for compound flooding from river flow and coastal water level, and we show that a univariate approach may not appropriately characterize the flood hazard if there are compounding effects. Using copulas and bivariate dependence analysis, we also quantify the increases in failure probabilities for 2030 and 2050 caused by SLR under representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5. Additionally, the increase in failure probability is shown to be strongly affected by compounding effects. The proposed failure probability method offers an innovative tool for assessing compounding flood hazards in a warming climate.

Cited by 531Open access

Compounding effects of drought and heat stress on macroeconomy

Andrej Ceglar, Martin Bruns, Catalina Martinez Hernandez · 2023

<p>A growing literature investigates the dynamic impacts of climate shocks on economy. Drought and heat stress can lead to substantial degradation of human health, agriculture and food production, energy sector, transport and mobility, and other sectors. These impacts are manifested in the economy and financial systems through different transmission channels and can result in increased costs and economic losses, with cascading effects to financial stability as well. Drought and heat waves often compound, with their interconnected risks being complex, challenging to understand and manage. Moreover, the impacts of compound shocks can be significantly larger than the sum of the individual shocks, mainly due to non-linearity of impacts. To address this issue, we investigate in this study to what extent the effect of extreme temperature variations on key economic outputs depends on the occurrence of droughts and high precipitation in the recent past. We estimate a novel Bayesian Smooth Transition Vector Autoregression, allowing the data to inform the pattern in which the model moves between extreme droughts and extreme wet conditions. We find that the occurrence of droughts within the last 12 months has important consequences for the way in which temperature shocks affect aggregate prices. These effects vary to some degree across countries as well as across sectors.</p>

Cited by 0Open access

Effects of Compounding on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Rubber

Merton L. Studebaker, J. R. Beatty · Rubber Chemistry and Technology · 1974

Abstract Stiffness—hysteresis charts show differences in dynamic mechanical properties resulting from compounding changes, such as elastomer, crosslink density (and, under certain test conditions, crosslink type), filler type(s) and loading (s), and softeners and their level. Processing, including vulcanization, aging, and any network changes during testing or service can be depicted by these charts.

Cited by 35

Effects of sulfide compounding on friction and wear characteristics

Masahiro OKUNO, Tomohiro Sato, Ken-ichi SAITOH et al. · The Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress Japan · 2020

Nowadays, due to the promotion of lead-free, sulfides which are expected to have high solid lubrication performance as layered substances are attracting attention as alternative materials for lead. The solid lubricant has low friction, wear resistance, load resistance, heat resistance and excellent lubrication performance. Each solid lubricant has different performance, so it is necessary to use multiple solid lubricants together. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate the friction and wear characteristics of the sintered sulfide dispersed bronze in which two kinds of sulfides are dispersed in the bronze alloy matrix in the high-speed and low-load region. As a result, the combined use of solid lubricants Cu5FeS4 and TiS₂ produced a synergistic effect, leading to a reduction in the friction coefficient and wear.

Cited by 0Open access

Compelling Issues Compounding the Understanding of Low Dose Radiation Effects

William F. Morgan · Health Physics · 2016

Recent advances in low dose radiation research have raised a number of compelling issues that have compounded the understanding of low dose radiation effects. Here some of them are outlined: the linear no-threshold model for predicting effects at low radiation doses, dose rate effectiveness factor, attributability, and public perception of low dose radiation effects. The impact of changes in any of these hotly debated issues on radiation protection is considered.

Cited by 2

Compounding Effects in Leveraged ETFs: Beyond the Volatility Drag Paradigm

Chung-Han Hsieh, Jow-Ran Chang, Hui Hsiang Chen · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

A common belief is that leveraged ETFs (LETFs) suffer long-term performance decay due to \emph{volatility drag}. We show that this view is incomplete: LETF performance depends fundamentally on return autocorrelation and return dynamics. In markets with independent returns, LETFs exhibit positive expected compounding effects on their target multiples. In serially correlated markets, trends enhance returns, while mean reversion induces underperformance. With a unified framework incorporating AR(1) and AR-GARCH models, continuous-time regime switching, and flexible rebalancing frequencies, we demonstrate that return dynamics -- including return autocorrelation, volatility clustering, and regime persistence -- determine whether LETFs outperform or underperform their targets. Empirically, using about 20 years of SPDR S\&P~500 ETF and Nasdaq-100 ETF data, we confirm these theoretical predictions. Daily-rebalanced LETFs enhance returns in momentum-driven markets, whereas infrequent rebalancing mitigates losses in mean-reverting regimes.

Cited by 0

Compounding Effects of Aging and Sex on Cerebrovascular Endothelial Mitochondria

Ibolya Rutkai, Christopher R. Gonzales, Eric N. Moca et al. · Physiology · 2024

Despite the increasing burden of age-related neurological diseases such as vascular cognitive impairment and dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies are not clear. Nonetheless, structural and functional changes in the microvasculature represent probable pathological aspects of these age-associated diseases. The silent and cumulative changes in endothelial mitochondria with subsequently compromised cerebral vascular function are thought to play a central role in neurological disease development. We tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial morphological changes in endothelial cells facilitate the distinct aging- and sex-related differences in the cerebral microvascular proteome and energetics. Mito-dendra2 (mt-D2) labeled endothelial mitochondria were imaged in vivo via a cranial window using two-photon microscopy at 875 nm in young and old, male and female, mito-Dendra2 mice (YM, YF, OM, and OF, respectively). Mt-D2 associated signal was analyzed in 3D stacks using the Huygens Pro CE 23.04.0p3 object analyzer (160 images, originated from 4-5 mt-D2 mice/groups). We also measured mRNA copy numbers of mitochondrial fission and fusion genes in isolated, cortical microvessels (<70 μm) from YM, YF, OM, and OF C57Bl/6J mice (n=7-11/age/sex) using ddPCR. Kruskal-Wallis test with Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner post-hoc comparisons were used to compare mt-D2 signal among YM, YF, OM, and OF, whereas Mann-Whitney U test determined changes across age and sex strata. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. mRNA copy numbers were normalized to housekeeping genes (GAPDH, β-actin, and HPRT-1) and compared with one-way ANOVA based on data distribution. Analysis of four object parameters revealed that object surface was smaller in old vs. young that was significant in YM vs. OM. We found significantly greater corrected lateral width in OM vs. YM, OF vs. YF, and in YF vs. YM. The lateral aspect ratio was significantly greater in YM vs. OM, in YF vs. OF, as well as in YM vs. YF. Accordingly, the axial sphericity of the principal box was significantly greater in OM vs. YM, in OF vs. YF, and in YF vs. YM. Normalized mRNA copy numbers of mitochondrial fission and fusion genes were not statistically different in our samples for DRP-1, Fis-1 or Mfn-1/2, Opa-1, respectively. These results suggest that aging driven morphological differences, such as the shortening of endothelial mt-D2 signal are, at least in part, facilitated by altered fission/fusion protein abundances and/or activity rather than transcriptional changes in our samples. Although we are still analyzing other morphological parameters, by assessing the effect sizes and their physiological relevance, we postulate that these morphological differences contribute to the vulnerability of the aged cerebral microvasculature to injury. AG083567, 3P30GM145498-01, U54GM104940, HL148836. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Cited by 0

Multiple Targets, One Goal: Compounding life‐extending effects through Polypharmacology

Konstantin Avchaciov, Khalyd J. Clay, Kirill A. Denisov et al. · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · 2024

Analysis of lifespan-extending compounds suggested the most effective geroprotectors target multiple biogenic amine receptors. To test this hypothesis, we used graph neural networks to predict such polypharmacological compounds and evaluated them in <i>C. elegans</i>. Over 70% of the selected compounds extended lifespan, with effect sizes in the top 5% compared to the DrugAge database. This reveals that rationally designing polypharmacological compounds enables the design of geroprotectors with exceptional efficacy.

Cited by 1Open access

Compounding Effects in Leveraged ETFs: Beyond the Volatility Drag Paradigm

Chung-Han Hsieh, Jow‐Ran Chang, Chien‐Jen Chen · ArXiv.org · 2025

A common belief is that leveraged ETFs (LETFs) suffer long-term performance decay due to \emph{volatility drag}. We show that this view is incomplete: LETF performance depends fundamentally on return autocorrelation and return dynamics. In markets with independent returns, LETFs exhibit positive expected compounding effects on their target multiples. In serially correlated markets, trends enhance returns, while mean reversion induces underperformance. With a unified framework incorporating AR(1) and AR-GARCH models, continuous-time regime switching, and flexible rebalancing frequencies, we demonstrate that return dynamics -- including return autocorrelation, volatility clustering, and regime persistence -- determine whether LETFs outperform or underperform their targets. Empirically, using about 20 years of SPDR S\&amp;P~500 ETF and Nasdaq-100 ETF data, we confirm these theoretical predictions. Daily-rebalanced LETFs enhance returns in momentum-driven markets, whereas infrequent rebalancing mitigates losses in mean-reverting regimes.

Cited by 0Open access

Pulmonary effects of polyvinyl chloride dust exposure on compounding workers.

Tze Pin Ng, H S Lee, Y M Low et al. · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · 1991

Spirometry, chest radiography, environmental measurements, and a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms were used to evaluate the effects of exposure to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dust on 171 Chinese and Malay PVC compounding workers in comparison with an unexposed reference group. Workers with high cumulative PVC dust exposure had a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity, and a higher prevalence of radiological profusion of small opacities. Wheezing or chest tightness was also significantly more frequent in this group. Unlike previous studies, the PVC compounding workers in this study were exposed to only negligible amounts, if any, of vinyl chloride monomer or thermal degradation products of PVC such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, or chlorine. The conclusion was drawn that a low grade of pneumoconiosis and a small degree of lung function impairment is associated with PVC dust exposure. Reversible airways obstruction is also likely and warrants further investigation.

Cited by 31Open access

Relationship difficulties: compounding effects of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Anh Hohnbaum, S. M. Benowitz · Medical Research Archives · 2025

Once thought solely a childhood disorder, research on adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has become more prevalent since the condition’s recognition in the 1990s. However, information remains scarce about if and how it impacts functionality in relationships. Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder can experience interpersonal relationship difficulties due to the disorder’s signature symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattentiveness, as well as due to their oft-observed dimension of emotional lability. Adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder tend to have more trouble navigating romantic relationships and are more likely to be divorced than adults without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The purpose of this paper is to perform a systematic literature review of empirically-based studies of integrative couples therapy wherein at least one partner struggles with adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Future research, gaps in the literature, and practice implications also are discussed, including hope for focus on the positive aspects of ADHD for individuals and partnerships.

Cited by 0Open access