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About 147 papers for “dynodes”

Dynodes

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Genetics, Genomics and Proteomics · 2004

Cited by 0

The gain of gallium phosphide dynodes

P B Coates · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · 1970

It is shown that the variation of the gain with voltage of the gallium phosphide first dynode in C31000D photomultipliers is best described by a much smaller escape depth than that found for GaP films in a controlled vacuum.

Cited by 3

Electron emission processes in photocathodes and dynodes

J. Smedley, S. Schubert, Ju-Jun Xie et al. · 2014

The Timed Photon Counter 'Tipsy' detector relies on electron-emitting thin films for generation of primary electrons from a photocathode and the subsequent amplification via SiN dynodes. Both of these films represent materials challenges, and both are being investigated using synchrotrons to optimize their performance. For the dynodes, a program of soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to measure the performance of the films and to understand film stoichiometry and the effects of surface termination. The secondary electron yield is estimated by measuring the low energy tail of the XPS spectrum and comparing it to the rate of high energy electron emission. For photocathodes, time resolved x-ray analysis during growth has provided insight into the formation chemistry of these materials. This has allowed optimization beyond Quantum Efficiency (QE) to produce cathodes which are far less rough than traditional alkali antimonides, while retaining reasonable QE.

Cited by 3

The construction and characterization of MgO transmission dynodes

Hong Chan, Violeta Prodanović, A.M.M.G. Theulings et al. · Journal of Instrumentation · 2023

Abstract In this work we demonstrate that ultra-thin (5 and 15 nm) MgO transmission dynodes with sufficient high transmission electron yield (TEY) can be constructed. These transmission dynodes act as electron amplification stages in a novel vacuum electron multiplier: the Timed Photon Counter. The ultra-thin membranes with a diameter of 30 μm are arranged in a square 64-by-64-array. The TEY was determined with a scanning electron microscope using primary electrons with primary energies of 0.75–5 keV. The method allows a TEY map of the surface to be made while simultaneously imaging the surface. The TEY of individual membranes can be extracted from the TEY map. An averaged maximum TEY of 4.6±0.2 was achieved by using 1.35 keV primary electrons on a TiN/MgO bi-layer membrane with a layer thickness of 2 and 5 nm, respectively. The TiN/MgO membrane with a layer thickness of 2 and 15 nm, respectively, has a maximum TEY of 3.3±0.1 (2.35 keV). Furthermore, the effect of the electric field strength on transmission (secondary) electron emission was investigated by placing the emission surface of a transmission dynode in close proximity to a planar collector. By increasing the electric potential between the transmission dynode and the collector, from -50 V to -100 V, the averaged maximum TEY improved from 4.6±0.2 to 5.0±0.3 at a primary energy of 1.35 keV with an upper limit of 5.5 on one of the membranes.

Cited by 0Open access

Fast five-stage photomultiplier with GaP(Cs) dynodes

D.E. Persyk, D. D. Crawshaw · 1972

The use of negative-electron-affinity materials as secondary emitters results in marked performance improvements in photomultiplier detectors. This paper treats the developmental type C31024 photomultiplier which utilizes five GaP(Cs) dynodes to provide gains of the order of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5 \times 10^{6}</tex> . The high secondary emission ratio (greater than 20) of the GaP(Cs) dynodes permits the electron-multiplier section of the device to resolve photoelectron inputs consisting ot 1, 2, 3 or 4 electrons as discrete events. The single-electron anode pulse rise time is 800 ps. Data are presented on time- and frequency- domain measurements and a comparison of measurement techniques is presented. Applications are discussed in the fields of laser-light detection and medical electronics.

Cited by 1

Recent Work on Fast Photomultipliers Utilizing GaP(Cs) Dynodes

H. R. Krall, D.E. Persyk · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · 1972

There exists an increasing demand for photomultipliers with better time resolution, higher count rate capabilities and generally faster time response. This paper discusses fundamental electron-optical considerations which determine the speed of response of electrostatically-focussed photomultipliers. The nature of time broadening is discussed with regard to geometrical and initial velocity effects at dynode surfaces. Time limitations inherent in the dynode material itself are also treated. Examples of different fast photomultiplier structures are given. A discussion of various delta-function light sources is included and the relative merits of these sources with respect to time performance, ease of use and cost is reviewed.

Cited by 15

Single-Photon Time Resolution of Photomultipliers with Gallium Phosphide First Dynodes

G. Present, D. B. Scarl · Review of Scientific Instruments · 1970

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation G. Present, D. B. Scarl; Single‐Photon Time Resolution of Photomultipliers with Gallium Phosphide First Dynodes. Rev Sci Instrum 1 May 1970; 41 (5): 771–772. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1684639 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioReview of Scientific Instruments Search Advanced Search |Citation Search

Cited by 11

Performance Studies of Photomutipliers Having Dynodes with GaP(Cs) Secondary Emitting Surface

B. Leskovar, C. C. Lo · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · 1972

Characteristics of photomultipliers having dynodes with cesium-activated gallium phosphide secondary emitting surfaces have been investigated. We present measurements of characteristics, generally not available from manufacturers data sheets, for several 8850's, C70133B's, 8852's, and C31024's. The transit-time difference, the single-electron transit-time spread, and the collection and quantum efficiency uniformity as a function of the position of the photocathode sensing area are measured and discussed. Measurement techniques and descriptions of measuring systems are given in detail. Ephasis is put on the determination of optinum photamultiplier operating conditions, particularly concerning the collection efficiency, and minimum transit-time spread.

Cited by 33

Resistance Strip Electron Multiplier

Tadashi ONUMA, Jun Yamada · Shinku · 1969

A channel electron multiplier with two parallel dynodes is described. The configuration of dynodes and gain characteristics are reported. Particularly, regarding the relation between the gain and the residual gas pressure, results of experiments are compared with the theoretical result of the ionic feedback effect.

Cited by 0Open access